up 2.1.5

Update AndroidLibXrayLite
Introduce RealPingEvent and refactor ping flow
2026-05-03 20:21:49 +08:00 · 2026-05-03 20:21:17 +08:00 · 2026-05-03 16:46:40 +08:00 · 2026-05-03 16:08:52 +08:00 · 2026-05-03 14:52:55 +08:00 · 2026-05-03 14:44:38 +08:00
223 changed files with 12821 additions and 6731 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "daily"
@@ -16,48 +16,48 @@ jobs:

    steps:
    - name: Checkout code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4.2.2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v6
      with:
        submodules: 'recursive'
        fetch-depth: '0'

    - name: Setup Android SDK
-      uses: android-actions/setup-android@v3.2.0
+      uses: android-actions/setup-android@v4.0.1
      with:
        log-accepted-android-sdk-licenses: false
-        cmdline-tools-version: '12266719'
-        packages: 'platforms;android-35 build-tools;35.0.0 platform-tools'
+        cmdline-tools-version: '13114758'
+        packages: 'platforms;android-36.1 build-tools;36.1.0 platform-tools'

    - name: Install NDK
      run: |
        echo "y" | $ANDROID_HOME/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager \
-          --channel=3 \
-          --install "ndk;29.0.13113456"
-        echo "NDK_HOME=$ANDROID_HOME/ndk/29.0.13113456" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          --channel=0 \
+          --install "ndk;28.2.13676358"
+        echo "NDK_HOME=$ANDROID_HOME/ndk/28.2.13676358" >> $GITHUB_ENV
        sed -i '10i\
        \
-            ndkVersion = "29.0.13113456"' ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build.gradle.kts
+            ndkVersion = "28.2.13676358"' ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build.gradle.kts

-    - name: Restore cached libtun2socks
-      id: cache-libtun2socks-restore
+    - name: Restore cached libhevtun
+      id: cache-libhevtun-restore
      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
      with:
        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/libs
-        key: libtun2socks-${{ runner.os }}-${{ env.NDK_HOME }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/badvpn/HEAD') }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/libancillary/HEAD') }}
+        key: libhevtun-${{ runner.os }}-${{ env.NDK_HOME }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/hev-socks5-tunnel/HEAD') }}-${{ hashFiles('compile-hevtun.sh') }}

-    - name: Build libtun2socks
-      if: steps.cache-libtun2socks-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+    - name: Build libhevtun
+      if: steps.cache-libhevtun-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      run: |
-        bash compile-tun2socks.sh
-
-    - name: Save libtun2socks
-      if: steps.cache-libtun2socks-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        bash compile-hevtun.sh
+    
+    - name: Save libhevtun
+      if: steps.cache-libhevtun-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
      with:
        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/libs
-        key: libtun2socks-${{ runner.os }}-${{ env.NDK_HOME }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/badvpn/HEAD') }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/libancillary/HEAD') }}
+        key: libhevtun-${{ runner.os }}-${{ env.NDK_HOME }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/hev-socks5-tunnel/HEAD') }}-${{ hashFiles('compile-hevtun.sh') }}

-    - name: Copy libtun2socks
+    - name: Copy libhevtun
      run: |
        cp -r ${{ github.workspace }}/libs ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app

@@ -70,51 +70,21 @@ jobs:
        popd

    - name: Download libv2ray
-      uses: robinraju/release-downloader@v1.12
+      uses: robinraju/release-downloader@v1.13
      with:
        repository: '2dust/AndroidLibXrayLite'
        tag: ${{ env.CURRENT_TAG }}
        fileName: 'libv2ray.aar'
        out-file-path: V2rayNG/app/libs/

-    - name: Restore cached libhysteria2
-      id: cache-libhysteria2-restore
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
-      with:
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/hysteria/libs
-        key: libhysteria2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ env.NDK_HOME }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/hysteria/HEAD') }}-${{ hashFiles('libhysteria2.sh') }}
-
-    - name: Setup Golang
-      if: steps.cache-libhysteria2-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v5.4.0
-      with:
-        go-version-file: 'AndroidLibXrayLite/go.mod'
-        cache: false
-
-    - name: Build libhysteria2
-      if: steps.cache-libhysteria2-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      run: |
-        bash libhysteria2.sh
-
-    - name: Save libhysteria2
-      if: steps.cache-libhysteria2-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
-      with:
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/hysteria/libs
-        key: libhysteria2-${{ runner.os }}-${{ env.NDK_HOME }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/hysteria/HEAD') }}-${{ hashFiles('libhysteria2.sh') }}
-
-    - name: Copy libhysteria2
-      run: |
-        cp -r ${{ github.workspace }}/hysteria/libs ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app
-
    - name: Setup Java
-      uses: actions/setup-java@v4.7.0
+      uses: actions/setup-java@v5
      with:
        distribution: 'temurin'
        java-version: '21'

    - name: Decode Keystore
-      uses: timheuer/base64-to-file@v1.2.4
+      uses: timheuer/base64-to-file@v2.0.0
      id: android_keystore
      with:
        fileName: "android_keystore.jks"
@@ -129,21 +99,21 @@ jobs:
        ./gradlew assembleRelease -Pandroid.injected.signing.store.file=${{ steps.android_keystore.outputs.filePath }} -Pandroid.injected.signing.store.password=${{ secrets.APP_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD }} -Pandroid.injected.signing.key.alias=${{ secrets.APP_KEYSTORE_ALIAS }} -Pandroid.injected.signing.key.password=${{ secrets.APP_KEY_PASSWORD }}
    
    - name: Upload arm64-v8a APK
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4.6.2
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
      if: ${{  success() }}
      with:
        name: arm64-v8a
        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build/outputs/apk/*/release/*arm64-v8a*.apk

    - name: Upload armeabi-v7a APK
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4.6.2
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
      if: ${{  success() }}
      with:
        name: armeabi-v7a
        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build/outputs/apk/*/release/*armeabi-v7a*.apk

    - name: Upload x86 APK
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4.6.2
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
      if: ${{  success() }}
      with:
        name: x86-apk
@@ -153,7 +123,7 @@ jobs:
      uses: svenstaro/upload-release-action@v2
      if: github.event.inputs.release_tag != ''
      with:
-        file: ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build/outputs/apk/*playstore*/release/*.apk
+        file: ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build/outputs/apk/*/release/*.apk
        tag: ${{ github.event.inputs.release_tag }}
        file_glob: true
        prerelease: true
@@ -11,6 +11,6 @@ jobs:
  go:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
      - name: Validate Fastlane Supply Metadata
        uses: ashutoshgngwr/validate-fastlane-supply-metadata@v2.1.0
@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
-[submodule "hysteria"]
-	path = hysteria
-	url = https://github.com/apernet/hysteria
 [submodule "AndroidLibXrayLite"]
 	path = AndroidLibXrayLite
 	url = https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibXrayLite
-[submodule "badvpn"]
-	path = badvpn
-	url = https://github.com/XTLS/badvpn
-[submodule "libancillary"]
-	path = libancillary
-	url = https://github.com/shadowsocks/libancillary
+[submodule "hev-socks5-tunnel"]
+	path = hev-socks5-tunnel
+	url = https://github.com/heiher/hev-socks5-tunnel
@@ -2,17 +2,13 @@

 A V2Ray client for Android, support [Xray core](https://github.com/XTLS/Xray-core) and [v2fly core](https://github.com/v2fly/v2ray-core)

-[![API](https://img.shields.io/badge/API-21%2B-yellow.svg?style=flat)](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/lollipop)
-[![Kotlin Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Kotlin-2.1.20-blue.svg)](https://kotlinlang.org)
+[![API](https://img.shields.io/badge/API-24%2B-yellow.svg?style=flat)](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/lollipop)
+[![Kotlin Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Kotlin-2.3.0-blue.svg)](https://kotlinlang.org)
 [![GitHub commit activity](https://img.shields.io/github/commit-activity/m/2dust/v2rayNG)](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/commits/master)
 [![CodeFactor](https://www.codefactor.io/repository/github/2dust/v2rayng/badge)](https://www.codefactor.io/repository/github/2dust/v2rayng)
 [![GitHub Releases](https://img.shields.io/github/downloads/2dust/v2rayNG/latest/total?logo=github)](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/releases)
 [![Chat on Telegram](https://img.shields.io/badge/Chat%20on-Telegram-brightgreen.svg)](https://t.me/v2rayn)

-<a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.v2ray.ang">
-<img alt="Get it on Google Play" src="https://play.google.com/intl/en_us/badges/images/generic/en_badge_web_generic.png" width="165" height="64" />
-</a>
-
 ### Telegram Channel
 [github_2dust](https://t.me/github_2dust)

@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ plugins {

 android {
    namespace = "com.v2ray.ang"
-    compileSdk = 35
+    compileSdk = 36

    defaultConfig {
        applicationId = "com.v2ray.ang"
-        minSdk = 21
-        targetSdk = 35
-        versionCode = 652
-        versionName = "1.10.2"
+        minSdk = 24
+        targetSdk = 36
+        versionCode = 725
+        versionName = "2.1.5"
        multiDexEnabled = true

        val abiFilterList = (properties["ABI_FILTERS"] as? String)?.split(';')
@@ -67,14 +67,16 @@ android {
        }
    }

-
    compileOptions {
        isCoreLibraryDesugaringEnabled = true
        sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_17
        targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_17
    }
-    kotlinOptions {
-        jvmTarget = JavaVersion.VERSION_17.toString()
+
+    kotlin {
+        compilerOptions {
+            jvmTarget.set(org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget.JVM_17)
+        }
    }

    applicationVariants.all {
@@ -146,6 +148,8 @@ dependencies {
    implementation(libs.preference.ktx)
    implementation(libs.recyclerview)
    implementation(libs.androidx.swiperefreshlayout)
+    implementation(libs.androidx.viewpager2)
+    implementation(libs.androidx.fragment)

    // UI Libraries
    implementation(libs.material)
@@ -156,6 +160,7 @@ dependencies {
    // Data and Storage Libraries
    implementation(libs.mmkv.static)
    implementation(libs.gson)
+    implementation(libs.okhttp)

    // Reactive and Utility Libraries
    implementation(libs.kotlinx.coroutines.android)
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<resources>
+    <string name="app_name" translatable="false">v2rayNG (F-Droid)</string>
+</resources>
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<shortcuts xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
+    <shortcut
+        android:enabled="true"
+        android:icon="@drawable/ic_qu_switch_24dp"
+        android:shortcutDisabledMessage="@string/app_widget_name"
+        android:shortcutId="shortcuts_switch"
+        android:shortcutLongLabel="@string/app_widget_name"
+        android:shortcutShortLabel="@string/app_widget_name">
+
+        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
+        <intent
+            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScSwitchActivity"
+            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
+        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
+    </shortcut>
+    <shortcut
+        android:enabled="true"
+        android:icon="@drawable/ic_qu_scan_24dp"
+        android:shortcutDisabledMessage="@string/menu_item_import_config_qrcode"
+        android:shortcutId="shortcuts_scan"
+        android:shortcutLongLabel="@string/menu_item_import_config_qrcode"
+        android:shortcutShortLabel="@string/menu_item_import_config_qrcode">
+
+        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
+        <intent
+            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScScannerActivity"
+            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
+        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
+    </shortcut>
+    <shortcut
+        android:enabled="true"
+        android:icon="@drawable/ic_qu_start_24dp"
+        android:shortcutDisabledMessage="@string/toast_services_start"
+        android:shortcutId="shortcuts_start"
+        android:shortcutLongLabel="@string/toast_services_start"
+        android:shortcutShortLabel="@string/toast_services_start">
+
+        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
+        <intent
+            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScStartActivity"
+            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
+        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
+    </shortcut>
+    <shortcut
+        android:enabled="true"
+        android:icon="@drawable/ic_qu_stop_24dp"
+        android:shortcutDisabledMessage="@string/toast_services_stop"
+        android:shortcutId="shortcuts_stop"
+        android:shortcutLongLabel="@string/toast_services_stop"
+        android:shortcutShortLabel="@string/toast_services_stop">
+
+        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
+        <intent
+            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScStopActivity"
+            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
+        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
+    </shortcut>
+</shortcuts>
@@ -10,10 +10,6 @@
        android:smallScreens="true"
        android:xlargeScreens="true" />

-    <uses-sdk
-        android:minSdkVersion="21"
-        tools:overrideLibrary="com.blacksquircle.ui.editorkit" />
-
    <uses-feature
        android:name="android.hardware.camera"
        android:required="false" />
@@ -30,7 +26,7 @@
    <!-- https://developer.android.com/about/versions/11/privacy/package-visibility -->
    <uses-permission
        android:name="android.permission.QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES"
-        tools:ignore="QueryAllPackagesPermission" />
+        tools:ignore="PackageVisibilityPolicy,QueryAllPackagesPermission" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
@@ -53,15 +49,13 @@
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:networkSecurityConfig="@xml/network_security_config"
        android:supportsRtl="true"
-        android:theme="@style/AppThemeDayNight"
-        android:usesCleartextTraffic="true"
-        tools:targetApi="m">
+        android:theme="@style/AppThemeDayNight.NoActionBar"
+        android:usesCleartextTraffic="true">

        <activity
            android:name=".ui.MainActivity"
            android:exported="true"
-            android:launchMode="singleTask"
-            android:theme="@style/AppThemeDayNight.NoActionBar">
+            android:launchMode="singleTask">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

@@ -84,12 +78,23 @@
            android:name=".ui.ServerCustomConfigActivity"
            android:exported="false"
            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.ServerGroupActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.ServerProxyChainActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged" />
        <activity
            android:name=".ui.SettingsActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
            android:name=".ui.PerAppProxyActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.AppPickerActivity"
+            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
            android:name=".ui.ScannerActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
@@ -123,7 +128,19 @@
            android:excludeFromRecents="true"
            android:exported="false"
            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon"
-            android:theme="@style/AppTheme.NoActionBar.Translucent" />
+            android:theme="@style/AppThemeDayNight.NoActionBar.Translucent" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.ScStartActivity"
+            android:excludeFromRecents="true"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon"
+            android:theme="@style/AppThemeDayNight.NoActionBar.Translucent" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.ScStopActivity"
+            android:excludeFromRecents="true"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon"
+            android:theme="@style/AppThemeDayNight.NoActionBar.Translucent" />

        <activity
            android:name=".ui.UrlSchemeActivity"
@@ -144,18 +161,25 @@
                <data android:host="install-sub" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.CheckUpdateActivity"
+            android:exported="false" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.BackupActivity"
+            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
            android:name=".ui.AboutActivity"
            android:exported="false" />

        <service
-            android:name=".service.V2RayVpnService"
+            android:name=".service.CoreVpnService"
            android:enabled="true"
            android:exported="false"
            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
            android:label="@string/app_name"
            android:permission="android.permission.BIND_VPN_SERVICE"
-            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon">
+            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon"
+            tools:ignore="VpnServicePolicy">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.net.VpnService" />
            </intent-filter>
@@ -168,7 +192,7 @@
        </service>

        <service
-            android:name=".service.V2RayProxyOnlyService"
+            android:name=".service.CoreProxyOnlyService"
            android:exported="false"
            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
            android:label="@string/app_name"
@@ -179,9 +203,14 @@
        </service>

        <service
-            android:name=".service.V2RayTestService"
+            android:name=".service.CoreTestService"
            android:exported="false"
-            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon" />
+            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
+            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon">
+            <property
+                android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
+                android:value="test" />
+        </service>

        <receiver
            android:name=".receiver.WidgetProvider"
@@ -192,8 +221,8 @@
                android:resource="@xml/app_widget_provider" />
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.appwidget.action.APPWIDGET_UPDATE" />
-                <action android:name="com.v2ray.ang.action.widget.click" />
-                <action android:name="com.v2ray.ang.action.activity" />
+                <action android:name="${applicationId}.action.widget.click" />
+                <action android:name="${applicationId}.action.activity" />
            </intent-filter>
        </receiver>
        <receiver
@@ -212,8 +241,7 @@
            android:icon="@drawable/ic_stat_name"
            android:label="@string/app_tile_name"
            android:permission="android.permission.BIND_QUICK_SETTINGS_TILE"
-            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon"
-            tools:targetApi="24">
+            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.service.quicksettings.action.QS_TILE" />
            </intent-filter>
@@ -254,6 +282,11 @@

        </provider>

+        <service
+            android:name="androidx.work.multiprocess.RemoteWorkManagerService"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:process=":bg" />
+
        <provider
            android:name="androidx.core.content.FileProvider"
            android:authorities="${applicationId}.cache"
@@ -6,20 +6,19 @@
      "bittorrent"
    ]
  },
-  {
-    "remarks": "Google cn",
-    "outboundTag": "proxy",
-    "domain": [
-      "domain:googleapis.cn",
-      "domain:gstatic.com"
-    ]
-  },
  {
    "remarks": "阻断udp443",
    "outboundTag": "block",
    "port": "443",
    "network": "udp"
  },
+  {
+    "remarks": "代理Google",
+    "outboundTag": "proxy",
+    "domain": [
+      "geosite:google"
+    ]
+  },
  {
    "remarks": "绕过局域网IP",
    "outboundTag": "direct",
@@ -139,4 +138,4 @@
    "port": "0-65535",
    "outboundTag": "direct"
  }
-]
+]
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 [
-  {
-    "remarks": "Google cn",
-    "outboundTag": "proxy",
-    "domain": [
-      "domain:googleapis.cn",
-      "domain:gstatic.com"
-    ]
-  },
  {
    "remarks": "阻断udp443",
    "outboundTag": "block",
    "port": "443",
    "network": "udp"
  },
+  {
+    "remarks": "代理Google",
+    "outboundTag": "proxy",
+    "domain": [
+      "geosite:google"
+    ]
+  },
  {
    "remarks": "绕过局域网IP",
    "outboundTag": "direct",
@@ -93,4 +92,4 @@
      "geosite:cn"
    ]
  }
-]
+]
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+[
+  {
+    "remarks": "Bypass bittorrent",
+    "outboundTag": "direct",
+    "protocol": [
+      "bittorrent"
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "remarks": "Block udp443",
+    "outboundTag": "block",
+    "port": "443",
+    "network": "udp"
+  },
+  {
+    "remarks": "Direct LAN IP",
+    "outboundTag": "direct",
+    "ip": [
+      "geoip:private"
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "remarks": "Direct LAN domains",
+    "outboundTag": "direct",
+    "domain": [
+      "geosite:private"
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "remarks": "Bypass Russia domains",
+    "outboundTag": "direct",
+    "domain": [
+      "geosite:category-ru"
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "remarks": "Bypass Russia IP",
+    "outboundTag": "direct",
+    "ip": [
+       "geoip:ru"
+    ]
+  }
+]
@@ -33,14 +33,6 @@
        "tls"
      ]
    }
-  },
-  {
-    "tag": "http",
-    "port": 10809,
-    "protocol": "http",
-    "settings": {
-      "userLevel": 8
-    }
  }
 ],
  "outbounds": [{
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+{
+  "stats":{},
+  "log": {
+    "loglevel": "warning"
+  },
+  "policy":{
+      "levels": {
+        "8": {
+          "handshake": 4,
+          "connIdle": 300,
+          "uplinkOnly": 1,
+          "downlinkOnly": 1
+        }
+      },
+      "system": {
+        "statsOutboundUplink": true,
+        "statsOutboundDownlink": true
+      }
+  },
+  "inbounds": [{
+    "tag": "socks",
+    "port": 10808,
+    "protocol": "socks",
+    "settings": {
+      "auth": "noauth",
+      "udp": true,
+      "userLevel": 8
+    },
+    "sniffing": {
+      "enabled": true,
+      "destOverride": [
+        "http",
+        "tls"
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    "tag": "tun",
+    "protocol": "tun",
+    "settings": {
+      "name": "xray0",
+      "MTU": 1500,
+      "userLevel": 8
+    },
+    "sniffing": {
+      "enabled": true,
+      "destOverride": [
+        "http",
+        "tls"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+],
+  "outbounds": [{
+    "tag": "proxy",
+    "protocol": "vmess",
+    "settings": {
+      "vnext": [
+        {
+          "address": "v2ray.cool",
+          "port": 10086,
+          "users": [
+            {
+              "id": "a3482e88-686a-4a58-8126-99c9df64b7bf",
+              "alterId": 0,
+              "security": "auto",
+              "level": 8
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "servers": [
+        {
+        "address": "v2ray.cool",
+        "method": "chacha20",
+        "ota": false,
+        "password": "123456",
+        "port": 10086,
+        "level": 8
+      }
+      ]
+    },
+    "streamSettings": {
+      "network": "tcp"
+    },
+    "mux": {
+      "enabled": false
+    }
+  },
+  {
+    "protocol": "freedom",
+    "settings": {
+      "domainStrategy": "UseIP"
+    },
+    "tag": "direct"
+  },
+  {
+    "protocol": "blackhole",
+    "tag": "block",
+    "settings": {
+      "response": {
+        "type": "http"
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  ],
+  "routing": {
+      "domainStrategy": "AsIs",
+      "rules": []
+  },
+  "dns": {
+      "hosts": {},
+      "servers": []
+  }
+}
@@ -34,14 +34,15 @@ class AngApplication : MultiDexApplication() {

        MMKV.initialize(this)

-        SettingsManager.setNightMode()
        // Initialize WorkManager with the custom configuration
        WorkManager.initialize(this, workManagerConfiguration)

-        SettingsManager.initRoutingRulesets(this)
+        // Ensure critical preference defaults are present in MMKV early
+        SettingsManager.initApp(this)
+        SettingsManager.setNightMode()

        es.dmoral.toasty.Toasty.Config.getInstance()
-            .setGravity(android.view.Gravity.BOTTOM, 0, 200)
+            .setGravity(android.view.Gravity.BOTTOM, 0, 300)
            .apply()
    }
 }
@@ -9,11 +9,16 @@ object AppConfig {

    /** Directory names used in the app's file system. */
    const val DIR_ASSETS = "assets"
-    const val DIR_BACKUPS = "backups"
+
+    const val WEBDAV_BACKUP_DIR = "backups"
+    const val WEBDAV_BACKUP_FILE_NAME = "backup_ng.zip"

    /** Legacy configuration keys. */
    const val ANG_CONFIG = "ang_config"

+    // Default subscription ID for ungrouped servers
+    const val DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID = "__default_subscription__"
+
    /** Preferences mapped to MMKV storage. */
    const val PREF_SNIFFING_ENABLED = "pref_sniffing_enabled"
    const val PREF_ROUTE_ONLY_ENABLED = "pref_route_only_enabled"
@@ -26,6 +31,8 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val PREF_LOCAL_DNS_PORT = "pref_local_dns_port"
    const val PREF_VPN_DNS = "pref_vpn_dns"
    const val PREF_VPN_BYPASS_LAN = "pref_vpn_bypass_lan"
+    const val PREF_VPN_INTERFACE_ADDRESS_CONFIG_INDEX = "pref_vpn_interface_address_config_index"
+    const val PREF_VPN_MTU = "pref_vpn_mtu"
    const val PREF_ROUTING_DOMAIN_STRATEGY = "pref_routing_domain_strategy"
    const val PREF_ROUTING_RULESET = "pref_routing_ruleset"
    const val PREF_MUX_ENABLED = "pref_mux_enabled"
@@ -36,41 +43,53 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val PREF_FRAGMENT_PACKETS = "pref_fragment_packets"
    const val PREF_FRAGMENT_LENGTH = "pref_fragment_length"
    const val PREF_FRAGMENT_INTERVAL = "pref_fragment_interval"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_AUTO_UPDATE = "pref_auto_update_subscription"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_AUTO_UPDATE_INTERVAL = "pref_auto_update_interval"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_DEFAULT_UPDATE_INTERVAL = "1440" // Default is 24 hours
    const val SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_TASK_NAME = "subscription_updater"
+    const val SUBSCRIPTION_MIN_INTERVAL_MINUTES = 15L
    const val PREF_SPEED_ENABLED = "pref_speed_enabled"
    const val PREF_CONFIRM_REMOVE = "pref_confirm_remove"
    const val PREF_START_SCAN_IMMEDIATE = "pref_start_scan_immediate"
    const val PREF_DOUBLE_COLUMN_DISPLAY = "pref_double_column_display"
+    const val PREF_GROUP_ALL_DISPLAY = "pref_group_all_display"
    const val PREF_LANGUAGE = "pref_language"
    const val PREF_UI_MODE_NIGHT = "pref_ui_mode_night"
+    const val PREF_IPV6_ENABLED = "pref_ipv6_enabled"
    const val PREF_PREFER_IPV6 = "pref_prefer_ipv6"
    const val PREF_PROXY_SHARING = "pref_proxy_sharing_enabled"
    const val PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE = "pref_allow_insecure"
+    const val PREF_ENABLE_LOCAL_PROXY = "pref_enable_local_proxy"
    const val PREF_SOCKS_PORT = "pref_socks_port"
+    const val PREF_DYNAMIC_SOCKS_PORT = "pref_dynamic_socks_port"
+    const val PREF_SOCKS_USERNAME = "pref_socks_username"
+    const val PREF_SOCKS_PASSWORD = "pref_socks_password"
+    const val PREF_SOCKS_ENABLE_UDP = "pref_socks_enable_udp"
    const val PREF_REMOTE_DNS = "pref_remote_dns"
    const val PREF_DOMESTIC_DNS = "pref_domestic_dns"
    const val PREF_DNS_HOSTS = "pref_dns_hosts"
    const val PREF_DELAY_TEST_URL = "pref_delay_test_url"
+    const val PREF_IP_API_URL = "pref_ip_api_url"
    const val PREF_LOGLEVEL = "pref_core_loglevel"
+    const val PREF_OUTBOUND_DOMAIN_RESOLVE_METHOD = "pref_outbound_domain_resolve_method"
    const val PREF_MODE = "pref_mode"
    const val PREF_IS_BOOTED = "pref_is_booted"
    const val PREF_CHECK_UPDATE_PRE_RELEASE = "pref_check_update_pre_release"
    const val PREF_GEO_FILES_SOURCES = "pref_geo_files_sources"
+    const val PREF_USE_HEV_TUNNEL = "pref_use_hev_tunnel_v2"
+    const val PREF_HEV_TUNNEL_LOGLEVEL = "pref_hev_tunnel_loglevel"
+    const val PREF_HEV_TUNNEL_RW_TIMEOUT = "pref_hev_tunnel_rw_timeout_v2"
+    const val PREF_AUTO_REMOVE_INVALID_AFTER_TEST = "pref_auto_remove_invalid_after_test"
+    const val PREF_AUTO_SORT_AFTER_TEST = "pref_auto_sort_after_test"
+    const val PREF_REAL_PING_CONCURRENCY = "pref_real_ping_concurrency"

    /** Cache keys. */
    const val CACHE_SUBSCRIPTION_ID = "cache_subscription_id"
-    const val CACHE_KEYWORD_FILTER = "cache_keyword_filter"

    /** Protocol identifiers. */
    const val PROTOCOL_FREEDOM = "freedom"

    /** Broadcast actions. */
-    const val BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE = "com.v2ray.ang.action.service"
-    const val BROADCAST_ACTION_ACTIVITY = "com.v2ray.ang.action.activity"
-    const val BROADCAST_ACTION_WIDGET_CLICK = "com.v2ray.ang.action.widget.click"
+    const val BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE = "$ANG_PACKAGE.action.service"
+    const val BROADCAST_ACTION_ACTIVITY = "$ANG_PACKAGE.action.activity"
+    const val BROADCAST_ACTION_WIDGET_CLICK = "$ANG_PACKAGE.action.widget.click"

    /** Tasker extras. */
    const val TASKER_EXTRA_BUNDLE = "com.twofortyfouram.locale.intent.extra.BUNDLE"
@@ -84,6 +103,9 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val TAG_DIRECT = "direct"
    const val TAG_BLOCKED = "block"
    const val TAG_FRAGMENT = "fragment"
+    const val TAG_DNS = "dns-module"
+    const val TAG_DOMESTIC_DNS = "domestic-dns"
+    const val TAG_BALANCER = "proxy-round"

    /** Network-related constants. */
    const val UPLINK = "uplink"
@@ -103,7 +125,9 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val TG_CHANNEL_URL = "https://t.me/github_2dust"
    const val DELAY_TEST_URL = "https://www.gstatic.com/generate_204"
    const val DELAY_TEST_URL2 = "https://www.google.com/generate_204"
-    const val IP_API_Url = "https://api.ip.sb/geoip"
+
+    //    const val IP_API_URL = "https://speed.cloudflare.com/meta"
+    const val IP_API_URL = "https://api.ip.sb/geoip"

    /** DNS server addresses. */
    const val DNS_PROXY = "1.1.1.1"
@@ -114,6 +138,12 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val GEOIP_PRIVATE = "geoip:private"
    const val GEOIP_CN = "geoip:cn"

+    /** Geo data file names. */
+    const val GEOSITE_DAT = "geosite.dat"
+    const val GEOIP_DAT = "geoip.dat"
+    const val GEOIP_ONLY_CN_PRIVATE_DAT = "geoip-only-cn-private.dat"
+    const val GEOIP_ONLY_CN_PRIVATE_URL = "$GITHUB_RAW_URL/Loyalsoldier/geoip/release/$GEOIP_ONLY_CN_PRIVATE_DAT"
+
    /** Ports and addresses for various services. */
    const val PORT_LOCAL_DNS = "10853"
    const val PORT_SOCKS = "10808"
@@ -135,15 +165,15 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val MSG_STATE_RESTART = 5
    const val MSG_MEASURE_DELAY = 6
    const val MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_SUCCESS = 61
-    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG = 7
-    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_SUCCESS = 71
-    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL = 72
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_START = 7
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL = 71
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_SUCCESS = 72
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_NOTIFY = 73
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_FINISH = 74

    /** Notification channel IDs and names. */
    const val RAY_NG_CHANNEL_ID = "RAY_NG_M_CH_ID"
    const val RAY_NG_CHANNEL_NAME = "v2rayNG Background Service"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL = "subscription_update_channel"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL_NAME = "Subscription Update Service"

    /** Protocols Scheme **/
    const val VMESS = "vmess://"
@@ -155,11 +185,16 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val TROJAN = "trojan://"
    const val WIREGUARD = "wireguard://"
    const val TUIC = "tuic://"
+    const val HYSTERIA = "hysteria://"
    const val HYSTERIA2 = "hysteria2://"
    const val HY2 = "hy2://"

    /** Give a good name to this, IDK*/
    const val VPN = "VPN"
+    const val VPN_MTU = 1500
+
+    /** hev-sock5-tunnel read-write-timeout value */
+    const val HEVTUN_RW_TIMEOUT = "300,60"

    // Google API rule constants
    const val GOOGLEAPIS_CN_DOMAIN = "domain:googleapis.cn"
@@ -168,7 +203,9 @@ object AppConfig {
    // Android Private DNS constants
    const val DNS_DNSPOD_DOMAIN = "dot.pub"
    const val DNS_ALIDNS_DOMAIN = "dns.alidns.com"
-    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DOMAIN = "one.one.one.one"
+    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONE_DOMAIN = "one.one.one.one"
+    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_COM_DOMAIN = "dns.cloudflare.com"
+    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_DOMAIN = "cloudflare-dns.com"
    const val DNS_GOOGLE_DOMAIN = "dns.google"
    const val DNS_QUAD9_DOMAIN = "dns.quad9.net"
    const val DNS_YANDEX_DOMAIN = "common.dot.dns.yandex.net"
@@ -181,15 +218,19 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val REALITY = "reality"
    const val HEADER_TYPE_HTTP = "http"

+    const val UNIDENTIFIED_PACKAGE = "__unknown_app__"
+
    val DNS_ALIDNS_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("223.5.5.5", "223.6.6.6", "2400:3200::1", "2400:3200:baba::1")
-    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.1.1.1", "1.0.0.1", "2606:4700:4700::1111", "2606:4700:4700::1001")
+    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONE_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.1.1.1", "1.0.0.1", "2606:4700:4700::1111", "2606:4700:4700::1001")
+    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_COM_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("104.16.132.229", "104.16.133.229", "2606:4700::6810:84e5", "2606:4700::6810:85e5")
+    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("104.16.248.249", "104.16.249.249", "2606:4700::6810:f8f9", "2606:4700::6810:f9f9")
    val DNS_DNSPOD_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.12.12.12", "120.53.53.53")
    val DNS_GOOGLE_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("8.8.8.8", "8.8.4.4", "2001:4860:4860::8888", "2001:4860:4860::8844")
    val DNS_QUAD9_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("9.9.9.9", "149.112.112.112", "2620:fe::fe", "2620:fe::9")
    val DNS_YANDEX_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("77.88.8.8", "77.88.8.1", "2a02:6b8::feed:0ff", "2a02:6b8:0:1::feed:0ff")

    //minimum list https://serverfault.com/a/304791
-    val BYPASS_PRIVATE_IP_LIST = arrayListOf(
+    val ROUTED_IP_LIST = arrayListOf(
        "0.0.0.0/5",
        "8.0.0.0/7",
        "11.0.0.0/8",
@@ -239,4 +280,9 @@ object AppConfig {
        "Chocolate4U/Iran-v2ray-rules"
    )

+    val BUILTIN_OUTBOUND_TAGS = setOf(
+        TAG_PROXY,
+        TAG_DIRECT,
+        TAG_BLOCKED,
+    )
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.contracts
+
+/**
+ * A common Adapter -> host callback interface that includes common actions: edit, remove and refresh.
+ * Extend this interface or define more specific interfaces for different adapters as needed.
+ */
+interface BaseAdapterListener {
+    /**
+     * Request the host to edit the specified item.
+     * @param guid Unique identifier (GUID) of the item
+     * @param position Current position in the adapter (optional; host should validate it)
+     */
+    fun onEdit(guid: String, position: Int)
+
+    /**
+     * Request the host to remove the specified item. Position is provided for optional animation or validation.
+     * @param guid Unique identifier (GUID) of the item
+     * @param position Current position in the adapter (optional; host should validate it)
+     */
+    fun onRemove(guid: String, position: Int)
+
+    /**
+     * Request the host to share the specified URL.
+     * @param url The URL to be shared
+     */
+    fun onShare(url: String)
+
+    /**
+     * Request the host to refresh data (for example, reload from the ViewModel or call notifyDataSetChanged).
+     */
+    fun onRefreshData()
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.contracts
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
+
+interface MainAdapterListener : BaseAdapterListener {
+
+    fun onEdit(guid: String, position: Int, profile: ProfileItem)
+
+    fun onSelectServer(guid: String)
+
+    fun onShare(guid: String, profile: ProfileItem, position: Int, more: Boolean)
+
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.service
+package com.v2ray.ang.contracts

 import android.app.Service

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.contracts
+
+/**
+ * Interface that defines the control operations for tun2socks implementations.
+ * 
+ * This interface is implemented by different tunnel solutions like:
+ */
+interface Tun2SocksControl {
+    /**
+     * Starts the tun2socks process with the appropriate parameters.
+     * This initializes the VPN tunnel and connects it to the SOCKS proxy.
+     */
+    fun startTun2Socks()
+
+    /**
+     * Stops the tun2socks process and cleans up resources.
+     */
+    fun stopTun2Socks()
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.core
+
+import android.content.Context
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CoreConfigContext
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.CoreResolvedType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+/**
+ * Builds [com.v2ray.ang.dto.CoreConfigContext] from the selected profile.
+ * Keeps parsing and resolution logic out of [CoreConfigManager].
+ */
+object CoreConfigContextBuilder {
+
+    /** Loads profile by guid and returns a resolved runtime context. */
+    fun build(context: Context, guid: String): CoreConfigContext? {
+        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: return null
+        if (config.configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
+            return CoreConfigContext(
+                context = context,
+                guid = guid,
+                selectedProfile = config,
+                resolvedProfiles = listOf(config),
+                resolvedType = CoreResolvedType.CUSTOM,
+            )
+        }
+
+        // Pre-resolve custom outbound profiles from routing rulesets
+        val customOutbounds = resolveCustomOutbounds()
+
+        // Determine resolved profiles and type based on config type
+        val (resolvedProfiles, resolvedType) = when (config.configType) {
+            EConfigType.POLICYGROUP -> {
+                val profiles = resolvePolicyGroupProfiles(config)
+                Pair(profiles, CoreResolvedType.POLICYGROUP)
+            }
+
+            EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN -> {
+                val profiles = resolveProxyChainProfiles(config)
+                Pair(profiles, CoreResolvedType.PROXYCHAIN)
+            }
+
+            else -> {
+                val chainProfiles = resolveProxyChainProfilesFromGroup(config)
+                val type = if (chainProfiles.size <= 1) CoreResolvedType.NORMAL else CoreResolvedType.PROXYCHAIN
+                Pair(chainProfiles, type)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create context with common fields
+        return CoreConfigContext(
+            context = context,
+            guid = guid,
+            selectedProfile = config,
+            resolvedProfiles = resolvedProfiles,
+            resolvedType = resolvedType,
+            customOutboundProfiles = customOutbounds,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /** Resolves policy-group members with the same filters as runtime build. */
+    private fun resolvePolicyGroupProfiles(config: ProfileItem): List<ProfileItem> {
+        try {
+            val serverList = MmkvManager.decodeAllServerList()
+            return serverList
+                .asSequence()
+                .mapNotNull { id -> MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(id) }
+                .filter { profile ->
+                    val subscriptionId = config.policyGroupSubscriptionId
+                    if (subscriptionId.isNullOrBlank()) {
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        profile.subscriptionId == subscriptionId
+                    }
+                }
+                .filter { profile ->
+                    val filter = config.policyGroupFilter
+                    if (filter.isNullOrBlank()) {
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        try {
+                            Regex(filter).containsMatchIn(profile.remarks)
+                        } catch (_: Exception) {
+                            profile.remarks.contains(filter)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                .filter { it.server.isNotNullEmpty() }
+                .filter { !Utils.isPureIpAddress(it.server!!) || Utils.isValidUrl(it.server!!) }
+                .filter { it.configType != EConfigType.CUSTOM }
+                .filter { it.configType != EConfigType.POLICYGROUP }
+                .filter { it.configType != EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN }
+                .toList()
+        }
+        catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve policy group profiles for config '${config.remarks}'", e)
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Resolves proxy-chain members with the same filters as runtime build. */
+    private fun resolveProxyChainProfiles(config: ProfileItem): List<ProfileItem> {
+        if (config.proxyChainProfiles.isNullOrBlank()) {
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return config.proxyChainProfiles.orEmpty().split(",")
+                .asSequence()
+                .mapNotNull { remark -> SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(remark) }
+                .filter { it.server.isNotNullEmpty() }
+                .filter { !Utils.isPureIpAddress(it.server!!) || Utils.isValidUrl(it.server!!) }
+                .filter { it.configType != EConfigType.CUSTOM }
+                .filter { it.configType != EConfigType.POLICYGROUP }
+                .filter { it.configType != EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN }
+                .toList()
+        }
+        catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve proxy chain profiles for config '${config.remarks}'", e)
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves chain nodes in fixed order: next -> current -> prev.
+     * If chain cannot be built, caller treats result as normal mode.
+     */
+    private fun resolveProxyChainProfilesFromGroup(config: ProfileItem): List<ProfileItem> {
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_ENABLED, false) == true) {
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+        if (config.subscriptionId.isEmpty()) {
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(config.subscriptionId) ?: return listOf(config)
+            val resolved = mutableListOf<ProfileItem>()
+
+            // Keep the same practical chain order as current runtime assembly:
+            // next -> current -> prev
+            SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(subItem.nextProfile)?.let { resolved.add(it) }
+            resolved.add(config)
+            SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(subItem.prevProfile)?.let { resolved.add(it) }
+
+            return resolved
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve proxy chain profiles from group for config '${config.remarks}'", e)
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves custom outbound profiles from routing rulesets.
+     * Scans rulesets for non-builtin outbound tags and looks up matching profiles by remarks.
+     * Returns a map of tag -> ProfileItem for independent processing.
+     */
+    private fun resolveCustomOutbounds(): Map<String, ProfileItem> {
+        val customMap = mutableMapOf<String, ProfileItem>()
+        val rulesetItems = MmkvManager.decodeRoutingRulesets() ?: return customMap
+
+        try {
+            val processedTags = mutableSetOf<String>()
+
+            rulesetItems
+                .filter { it.enabled }
+                .mapNotNull { it.outboundTag.takeIf { tag -> tag.isNotBlank() } }
+                .filter { tag -> tag !in AppConfig.BUILTIN_OUTBOUND_TAGS }
+                .distinct()
+                .forEach { tag ->
+                    if (tag in processedTags) return@forEach
+                    processedTags.add(tag)
+
+                    try {
+                        val profile = SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(tag) ?: run {
+                            return@forEach
+                        }
+
+                        customMap[tag] = profile
+                    } catch (e: Exception) {
+                        LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve custom outbound for tag '$tag', skipping", e)
+                    }
+                }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve custom outbound profiles", e)
+        }
+
+        return customMap
+    }
+}
+
@@ -0,0 +1,991 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.core
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.text.TextUtils
+import com.google.gson.JsonArray
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ConfigResult
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CoreConfigContext
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.RulesetItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.CoreResolvedType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.PackageUidResolver
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+object CoreConfigManager {
+    private var initConfigCache: String? = null
+    private var initConfigCacheWithTun: String? = null
+
+    //region get config function
+
+    /**
+     * Builds normal runtime config JSON for the selected profile.
+     *
+     * @param context The context of the caller.
+     * @param guid The unique identifier for the V2ray configuration.
+     * @return A ConfigResult object containing the configuration details or indicating failure.
+     */
+    fun getV2rayConfig(context: Context, guid: String): ConfigResult {
+        try {
+            val configContext = CoreConfigContextBuilder.build(context, guid) ?: return ConfigResult(false)
+            if (configContext.resolvedType == CoreResolvedType.CUSTOM) {
+                return getV2rayCustomConfig(configContext)
+            }
+            val v2rayConfig = when (configContext.resolvedType) {
+                CoreResolvedType.POLICYGROUP -> buildGroupConfig(configContext)
+                CoreResolvedType.PROXYCHAIN -> buildProxyChainConfig(configContext)
+                CoreResolvedType.NORMAL -> buildNormalConfig(configContext)
+                CoreResolvedType.CUSTOM -> null
+            } ?: return ConfigResult(false)
+
+            return toConfigResult(configContext, v2rayConfig)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to get V2ray config", e)
+            return ConfigResult(false)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds speedtest config for the selected profile.
+     *
+     * It reuses the same build flow as normal config, then removes
+     * unnecessary sections for delay testing.
+     *
+     * @param context The context of the caller.
+     * @param guid The unique identifier for the V2ray configuration.
+     * @return A ConfigResult object containing the configuration details or indicating failure.
+     */
+    fun getV2rayConfig4Speedtest(context: Context, guid: String): ConfigResult {
+        try {
+            val configContext = CoreConfigContextBuilder.build(context, guid) ?: return ConfigResult(false)
+            if (configContext.resolvedType == CoreResolvedType.CUSTOM) {
+                return getV2rayCustomConfig(configContext)
+            }
+            val v2rayConfig = when (configContext.resolvedType) {
+                CoreResolvedType.POLICYGROUP -> buildGroupConfig(configContext)
+                CoreResolvedType.PROXYCHAIN -> buildProxyChainConfig(configContext)
+                CoreResolvedType.NORMAL -> buildNormalConfig(configContext)
+                CoreResolvedType.CUSTOM -> null
+            } ?: return ConfigResult(false)
+
+            postProcessForSpeedtest(v2rayConfig)
+
+            return toConfigResult(configContext, v2rayConfig)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to get V2ray config for speedtest", e)
+            return ConfigResult(false)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds config result for CUSTOM profiles.
+     */
+    private fun getV2rayCustomConfig(configContext: CoreConfigContext): ConfigResult {
+        val context = configContext.context
+        val raw = MmkvManager.decodeServerRaw(configContext.guid) ?: return ConfigResult(false)
+        val result = ConfigResult(true, configContext.guid, raw)
+        if (!needTun()) {
+            return result
+        }
+
+        val json = JsonUtil.parseString(raw)?.takeIf { it.isJsonObject }?.asJsonObject ?: return result
+
+        // Check whether package names need to be replaced with UIDs
+        if (SettingsManager.canUseProcessRouting()) {
+            val rulesJson = json.get("routing")?.takeIf { it.isJsonObject }?.asJsonObject
+                ?.get("rules")?.takeIf { it.isJsonArray }?.asJsonArray
+                ?: JsonArray()
+
+            for (elem in rulesJson) {
+                val rule = elem.takeIf { it.isJsonObject }?.asJsonObject ?: continue
+                val process = rule.get("process")?.takeIf { it.isJsonArray }?.asJsonArray ?: continue
+                val packages = process.mapNotNull {
+                    it.takeIf { it.isJsonPrimitive && it.asJsonPrimitive.isString }?.asString
+                }.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() } ?: continue
+                val uids = PackageUidResolver.packageNamesToUids(context, packages).takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() } ?: continue
+
+                rule.add("process", JsonArray().apply { uids.forEach { add(it) } })
+            }
+        }
+
+        // check if tun inbound exists
+        val inboundsJson = json.get("inbounds")?.takeIf { it.isJsonArray }?.asJsonArray
+            ?: JsonArray().also { json.add("inbounds", it) }
+        val tunNotExists = inboundsJson.none { elem ->
+            elem.isJsonObject && elem.asJsonObject.get("protocol")
+                ?.takeIf { it.isJsonPrimitive && it.asJsonPrimitive.isString }
+                ?.asString == "tun"
+        }
+
+        if (tunNotExists) {
+            // add tun inbound from template
+            initV2rayConfig(configContext)?.let { templateConfig ->
+                templateConfig.inbounds.firstOrNull { it.tag == "tun" }?.let { inboundTun ->
+                    inboundTun.settings?.mtu = SettingsManager.getVpnMtu()
+                    inboundsJson.add(JsonUtil.parseString(JsonUtil.toJson(inboundTun)))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return JsonUtil.toJsonPretty(json)?.let { ConfigResult(true, configContext.guid, it) } ?: result
+    }
+
+    /** Builds full config for policy-group mode. */
+    private fun buildGroupConfig(configContext: CoreConfigContext): V2rayConfig? {
+        val config = configContext.selectedProfile
+        val validConfigs = configContext.resolvedProfiles
+
+        if (validConfigs.isEmpty()) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "All configs are invalid")
+            return null
+        }
+
+        val v2rayConfig = initV2rayConfig(configContext) ?: return null
+        v2rayConfig.log.loglevel = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_LOGLEVEL) ?: "warning"
+        v2rayConfig.remarks = config.remarks
+
+        getInbounds(v2rayConfig)
+
+        v2rayConfig.outbounds.removeAt(0)
+        val outboundsList = mutableListOf<V2rayConfig.OutboundBean>()
+        var index = 0
+        for (item in validConfigs) {
+            index++
+            val outbound = convertProfile2Outbound(item) ?: continue
+            outbound.tag = "proxy-$index-${item.remarks.trim()}"
+            outboundsList.add(outbound)
+        }
+        outboundsList.addAll(v2rayConfig.outbounds)
+        v2rayConfig.outbounds = ArrayList(outboundsList)
+
+        getRouting(configContext, v2rayConfig)
+        getFakeDns(v2rayConfig)
+        getDns(v2rayConfig)
+        getBalance(configContext, v2rayConfig)
+
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_LOCAL_DNS_ENABLED)) {
+            getCustomLocalDns(v2rayConfig)
+        }
+        if (!MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_SPEED_ENABLED)) {
+            v2rayConfig.stats = null
+            v2rayConfig.policy = null
+        }
+
+        // Resolve and add to DNS Hosts
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_OUTBOUND_DOMAIN_RESOLVE_METHOD, "1") == "1") {
+            resolveOutboundDomainsToHosts(v2rayConfig)
+        }
+
+        return v2rayConfig
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Builds full V2Ray config for proxy-chain mode.
+     *
+     * Uses resolvedProfiles as an ordered chain and links each hop
+     * with dialerProxy.
+     */
+    private fun buildProxyChainConfig(configContext: CoreConfigContext): V2rayConfig? {
+        val config = configContext.selectedProfile
+        val resolvedProfiles = configContext.resolvedProfiles
+
+        val v2rayConfig = initV2rayConfig(configContext) ?: return null
+        v2rayConfig.log.loglevel = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_LOGLEVEL) ?: "warning"
+        v2rayConfig.remarks = config.remarks
+
+        getInbounds(v2rayConfig)
+
+        // Build and link the whole chain directly from resolvedProfiles.
+        val chainOutbounds = resolvedProfiles.mapNotNull { profile ->
+            convertProfile2Outbound(profile)
+        }.toMutableList()
+        if (chainOutbounds.size < 2) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Proxy chain requires at least 2 valid profiles, but only ${chainOutbounds.size} found")
+            return null
+        }
+
+        chainOutbounds.forEachIndexed { index, outbound ->
+            outbound.tag = if (index == 0) AppConfig.TAG_PROXY else AppConfig.TAG_PROXY + index
+        }
+        for (index in 0 until chainOutbounds.size - 1) {
+            chainOutbounds[index].ensureSockopt().dialerProxy = chainOutbounds[index + 1].tag
+        }
+
+        // Keep built-in outbounds and place the chain before them.
+        val builtinOutbounds = if (v2rayConfig.outbounds.size > 1) {
+            v2rayConfig.outbounds.drop(1)
+        } else {
+            emptyList()
+        }
+        v2rayConfig.outbounds = ArrayList(chainOutbounds + builtinOutbounds)
+
+        getRouting(configContext, v2rayConfig)
+        getFakeDns(v2rayConfig)
+        getDns(v2rayConfig)
+
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_LOCAL_DNS_ENABLED) == true) {
+            getCustomLocalDns(v2rayConfig)
+        }
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_SPEED_ENABLED) != true) {
+            v2rayConfig.stats = null
+            v2rayConfig.policy = null
+        }
+
+        // Resolve and add to DNS Hosts
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_OUTBOUND_DOMAIN_RESOLVE_METHOD, "1") == "1") {
+            resolveOutboundDomainsToHosts(v2rayConfig)
+        }
+
+        return v2rayConfig
+    }
+
+    /** Builds full config for normal single-node mode. */
+    private fun buildNormalConfig(configContext: CoreConfigContext): V2rayConfig? {
+        val config = configContext.selectedProfile
+
+        val address = config.server ?: return null
+        if (!Utils.isPureIpAddress(address) && !Utils.isValidUrl(address)) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "$address is an invalid ip or domain")
+            return null
+        }
+
+        val v2rayConfig = initV2rayConfig(configContext) ?: return null
+        v2rayConfig.log.loglevel = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_LOGLEVEL) ?: "warning"
+        v2rayConfig.remarks = config.remarks
+
+        getInbounds(v2rayConfig)
+        getOutbounds(configContext, v2rayConfig) ?: return null
+        getRouting(configContext, v2rayConfig)
+        getFakeDns(v2rayConfig)
+        getDns(v2rayConfig)
+
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_LOCAL_DNS_ENABLED) == true) {
+            getCustomLocalDns(v2rayConfig)
+        }
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_SPEED_ENABLED) != true) {
+            v2rayConfig.stats = null
+            v2rayConfig.policy = null
+        }
+
+        // Resolve and add to DNS Hosts
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_OUTBOUND_DOMAIN_RESOLVE_METHOD, "1") == "1") {
+            resolveOutboundDomainsToHosts(v2rayConfig)
+        }
+
+        return v2rayConfig
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes non-essential sections for speedtest use.
+     */
+    private fun postProcessForSpeedtest(v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig) {
+        v2rayConfig.log.loglevel = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_LOGLEVEL) ?: "warning"
+        v2rayConfig.inbounds.clear()
+        v2rayConfig.routing.rules.clear()
+        v2rayConfig.dns = null
+        v2rayConfig.fakedns = null
+        v2rayConfig.stats = null
+        v2rayConfig.policy = null
+        v2rayConfig.outbounds.forEach { key -> key.mux = null }
+    }
+
+    /** Converts a built config object into a unified result payload. */
+    private fun toConfigResult(configContext: CoreConfigContext, v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig): ConfigResult {
+        return ConfigResult(
+            status = true,
+            guid = configContext.guid,
+            content = JsonUtil.toJsonPretty(v2rayConfig) ?: ""
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes V2ray configuration.
+     *
+     * This function loads the V2ray configuration from assets or from a cached value.
+     * It first attempts to use the cached configuration if available, otherwise reads
+     * the configuration from the "v2ray_config.json" asset file.
+     *
+     * @param configContext Runtime context used to access app assets and profile data
+     * @return V2rayConfig object parsed from the JSON configuration, or null if the configuration is empty
+     */
+    private fun initV2rayConfig(configContext: CoreConfigContext): V2rayConfig? {
+        val context = configContext.context
+        var assets = ""
+        if (needTun()) {
+            assets = initConfigCacheWithTun ?: Utils.readTextFromAssets(context, "v2ray_config_with_tun.json")
+            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(assets)) {
+                return null
+            }
+            initConfigCacheWithTun = assets
+        } else {
+            assets = initConfigCache ?: Utils.readTextFromAssets(context, "v2ray_config.json")
+            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(assets)) {
+                return null
+            }
+            initConfigCache = assets
+        }
+        val config = JsonUtil.fromJson(assets, V2rayConfig::class.java)
+        return config
+    }
+
+
+    //endregion
+
+
+    //region some sub function
+
+    private fun needTun(): Boolean {
+        return SettingsManager.isVpnMode() && !SettingsManager.isUsingHevTun()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures the inbound settings for V2ray.
+     *
+     * This function sets up the listening ports, sniffing options, and other inbound-related configurations.
+     *
+     * @param v2rayConfig The V2ray configuration object to be modified
+     * @return true if inbound configuration was successful, false otherwise
+     */
+    private fun getInbounds(v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig): Boolean {
+        try {
+            val vpn = SettingsManager.isVpnMode()
+            val useHev = SettingsManager.isUsingHevTun()
+            val forcedByHev = vpn && useHev
+
+            val enableLocalProxy = forcedByHev || MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ENABLE_LOCAL_PROXY, true)
+
+            val socksPort = SettingsManager.getSocksPort()
+            val socksUsername = SettingsManager.getSocksUsername()
+            val socksPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()
+            val inbound1 = v2rayConfig.inbounds[0]
+            if (inbound1.settings == null) {
+                inbound1.settings = V2rayConfig.InboundBean.InSettingsBean()
+            }
+
+            if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PROXY_SHARING) != true) {
+                inbound1.listen = AppConfig.LOOPBACK
+            }
+            inbound1.port = socksPort
+            inbound1.settings?.udp = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_SOCKS_ENABLE_UDP, true)
+            if (socksUsername != null && socksPassword != null) {
+                inbound1.settings?.auth = "password"
+                inbound1.settings?.accounts = listOf(
+                    V2rayConfig.InboundBean.InSettingsBean.SocksAccountBean(
+                        user = socksUsername,
+                        pass = socksPassword
+                    )
+                )
+            } else {
+                inbound1.settings?.auth = "noauth"
+                inbound1.settings?.accounts = null
+            }
+            val fakedns = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_FAKE_DNS_ENABLED) == true
+            val sniffAllTlsAndHttp =
+                MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_SNIFFING_ENABLED, true) != false
+            inbound1.sniffing?.enabled = fakedns || sniffAllTlsAndHttp
+            inbound1.sniffing?.routeOnly =
+                MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ROUTE_ONLY_ENABLED, false)
+            if (!sniffAllTlsAndHttp) {
+                inbound1.sniffing?.destOverride?.clear()
+            }
+            if (fakedns) {
+                inbound1.sniffing?.destOverride?.add("fakedns")
+            }
+
+            if (!Utils.isXray()) {
+                val inbound2 = JsonUtil.fromJson(JsonUtil.toJson(inbound1), V2rayConfig.InboundBean::class.java) ?: return false
+                inbound2.tag = EConfigType.HTTP.name.lowercase()
+                inbound2.port = SettingsManager.getHttpPort()
+                inbound2.protocol = EConfigType.HTTP.name.lowercase()
+                inbound2.settings?.auth = null
+                inbound2.settings?.udp = null
+                v2rayConfig.inbounds.add(inbound2)
+            }
+
+            if (!enableLocalProxy) {
+                v2rayConfig.inbounds.removeIf { it.protocol == "socks" || it.protocol == "http" }
+            }
+
+            if (needTun()) {
+                val inboundTun = v2rayConfig.inbounds.firstOrNull { e -> e.tag == "tun" }
+                inboundTun?.settings?.mtu = SettingsManager.getVpnMtu()
+                inboundTun?.sniffing = inbound1.sniffing
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to configure inbounds", e)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures the fake DNS settings if enabled.
+     *
+     * Adds FakeDNS configuration to v2rayConfig if both local DNS and fake DNS are enabled.
+     *
+     * @param v2rayConfig The V2ray configuration object to be modified
+     */
+    private fun getFakeDns(v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig) {
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_LOCAL_DNS_ENABLED) == true
+            && MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_FAKE_DNS_ENABLED) == true
+        ) {
+            v2rayConfig.fakedns = listOf(V2rayConfig.FakednsBean())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Injects custom outbound profiles into the V2ray configuration.
+     * Uses pre-resolved profiles from the context instead of re-parsing.
+     *
+     * @param v2rayConfig The V2ray configuration to modify
+     * @param customOutbounds Pre-resolved custom outbound profiles (tag -> ProfileItem mapping)
+     */
+    private fun injectCustomOutbounds(v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig, customOutbounds: Map<String, ProfileItem>) {
+        val existingTags = v2rayConfig.outbounds.mapTo(mutableSetOf()) { it.tag }
+
+        customOutbounds.forEach { (tag, profile) ->
+            if (tag in existingTags) return@forEach
+            try {
+                val outbound = convertProfile2Outbound(profile) ?: run {
+                    LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Could not convert profile '$tag' to outbound, skipping")
+                    return@forEach
+                }
+                outbound.tag = tag
+                v2rayConfig.outbounds.add(outbound)
+                existingTags.add(tag)
+                LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "Injected custom outbound: tag='$tag'")
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to inject custom outbound for tag '$tag', skipping", e)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures routing settings for V2ray.
+     *
+     * Sets up the domain strategy, injects custom outbounds from rulesets, and adds routing rules.
+     *
+     * @param configContext Configuration context with custom outbound profiles
+     * @param v2rayConfig The V2ray configuration object to be modified
+     * @return true if routing configuration was successful, false otherwise
+     */
+    private fun getRouting(configContext: CoreConfigContext, v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig): Boolean {
+        try {
+
+            v2rayConfig.routing.domainStrategy =
+                MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_ROUTING_DOMAIN_STRATEGY)
+                    ?: "AsIs"
+
+            // Inject custom outbound profiles from routing rulesets
+            injectCustomOutbounds(v2rayConfig, configContext.customOutboundProfiles)
+
+            val rulesetItems = MmkvManager.decodeRoutingRulesets()
+            rulesetItems?.forEach { key ->
+                getRoutingUserRule(configContext, key, v2rayConfig)
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to configure routing", e)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a specific ruleset item to the routing configuration.
+     *
+     * @param configContext Runtime context used by routing helpers
+     * @param item The ruleset item to add
+     * @param v2rayConfig The V2ray configuration object to be modified
+     */
+    private fun getRoutingUserRule(configContext: CoreConfigContext, item: RulesetItem?, v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig) {
+        val context = configContext.context
+        try {
+            if (item == null || !item.enabled) {
+                return
+            }
+
+            val rule = JsonUtil.fromJson(JsonUtil.toJson(item), V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.RulesBean::class.java) ?: return
+
+            // Replace specific geoip rules with ext versions
+            rule.ip?.let { ipList ->
+                val updatedIpList = ArrayList<String>()
+                ipList.forEach { ip ->
+                    when (ip) {
+                        AppConfig.GEOIP_CN -> updatedIpList.add("ext:${AppConfig.GEOIP_ONLY_CN_PRIVATE_DAT}:cn")
+                        AppConfig.GEOIP_PRIVATE -> updatedIpList.add("ext:${AppConfig.GEOIP_ONLY_CN_PRIVATE_DAT}:private")
+                        else -> updatedIpList.add(ip)
+                    }
+                }
+                rule.ip = updatedIpList
+            }
+
+            if (SettingsManager.canUseProcessRouting()) {
+                // Convert process package names to UIDs
+                rule.process?.let { processList ->
+                    if (processList.isNotEmpty()) {
+                        val uids = PackageUidResolver.packageNamesToUids(context, processList)
+                        rule.process = uids.ifEmpty { null }
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                rule.process = null
+            }
+
+            // If the outbound tag is a custom one that failed to inject, fall back to proxy
+            val outboundTag = rule.outboundTag
+            if (!outboundTag.isNullOrBlank()
+                && outboundTag !in AppConfig.BUILTIN_OUTBOUND_TAGS
+                && v2rayConfig.outbounds.none { it.tag == outboundTag }
+            ) {
+                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Outbound tag '$outboundTag' not found, falling back to '${AppConfig.TAG_PROXY}'")
+                rule.outboundTag = AppConfig.TAG_PROXY
+            }
+
+            v2rayConfig.routing.rules.add(rule)
+
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to apply routing user rule", e)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves domain rules for a specific outbound tag.
+     *
+     * Searches through all rulesets to find domains targeting the specified tag.
+     *
+     * @param tag The outbound tag to search for
+     * @return ArrayList of domain rules matching the tag
+     */
+    private fun getUserRule2Domain(tag: String): ArrayList<String> {
+        val domain = ArrayList<String>()
+
+        val rulesetItems = MmkvManager.decodeRoutingRulesets()
+        rulesetItems?.forEach { key ->
+            if (key.enabled && key.outboundTag == tag && !key.domain.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+                key.domain?.forEach {
+                    domain.add(it)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return domain
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves domain rules for custom outbound tags.
+     *
+     * Searches through all rulesets to find domains targeting any custom outbound tags.
+     *
+     * @return ArrayList of domain rules matching custom outbound tags
+     */
+    private fun getCustomOutboundUserRule2Domain(): ArrayList<String> {
+        val domain = ArrayList<String>()
+
+        val rulesetItems = MmkvManager.decodeRoutingRulesets()
+        rulesetItems?.forEach { key ->
+            if (key.enabled && !AppConfig.BUILTIN_OUTBOUND_TAGS.contains(key.outboundTag)
+                && !key.domain.isNullOrEmpty()
+            ) {
+                key.domain?.forEach {
+                    domain.add(it)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return domain
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures custom local DNS settings.
+     *
+     * Sets up DNS inbound, outbound, and routing rules for local DNS resolution.
+     *
+     * @param v2rayConfig The V2ray configuration object to be modified
+     * @return true if custom local DNS configuration was successful, false otherwise
+     */
+    private fun getCustomLocalDns(v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig): Boolean {
+        try {
+            if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_FAKE_DNS_ENABLED) == true) {
+                val geositeCn = arrayListOf(AppConfig.GEOSITE_CN)
+                val proxyDomain = getUserRule2Domain(AppConfig.TAG_PROXY)
+                val directDomain = getUserRule2Domain(AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT)
+                val finalDomain = geositeCn.plus(proxyDomain).plus(directDomain).distinct()
+                // fakedns with all domains to make it always top priority
+                v2rayConfig.dns?.servers?.add(
+                    0,
+                    V2rayConfig.DnsBean.ServersBean(
+                        address = "fakedns",
+                        domains = finalDomain
+                    )
+                )
+            }
+
+            if (SettingsManager.isVpnMode()) {
+                if (SettingsManager.isUsingHevTun()) {
+                    //hev-socks5-tunnel dns routing
+                    v2rayConfig.routing.rules.add(
+                        0, V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.RulesBean(
+                            inboundTag = arrayListOf("socks"),
+                            outboundTag = "dns-out",
+                            port = "53",
+                        )
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    v2rayConfig.routing.rules.add(
+                        0, V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.RulesBean(
+                            inboundTag = arrayListOf("tun"),
+                            outboundTag = "dns-out",
+                            port = "53",
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+
+            // DNS outbound
+            if (v2rayConfig.outbounds.none { e -> e.protocol == "dns" && e.tag == "dns-out" }) {
+                v2rayConfig.outbounds.add(
+                    V2rayConfig.OutboundBean(
+                        protocol = "dns",
+                        tag = "dns-out",
+                        settings = null,
+                        streamSettings = null,
+                        mux = null
+                    )
+                )
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to configure custom local DNS", e)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures the DNS settings for V2ray.
+     *
+     * Sets up DNS servers, hosts, and routing rules for DNS resolution.
+     *
+     * @param v2rayConfig The V2ray configuration object to be modified
+     * @return true if DNS configuration was successful, false otherwise
+     */
+    private fun getDns(v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig): Boolean {
+        try {
+            val hosts = mutableMapOf<String, Any>()
+            val servers = ArrayList<Any>()
+
+            //remote Dns
+            val remoteDns = SettingsManager.getRemoteDnsServers()
+            val proxyDomain = (getUserRule2Domain(AppConfig.TAG_PROXY) + getCustomOutboundUserRule2Domain()).distinct()
+            remoteDns.forEach {
+                servers.add(it)
+            }
+            if (proxyDomain.isNotEmpty()) {
+                servers.add(
+                    V2rayConfig.DnsBean.ServersBean(
+                        address = remoteDns.first(),
+                        domains = proxyDomain,
+                    )
+                )
+            }
+
+            // domestic DNS
+            val domesticDns = SettingsManager.getDomesticDnsServers()
+            val directDomain = getUserRule2Domain(AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT)
+            val isCnRoutingMode = directDomain.contains(AppConfig.GEOSITE_CN)
+            val cnRegionFilter = { domain: String ->
+                domain.startsWith("geosite:") && (domain.endsWith("-cn") || domain.endsWith("@cn"))
+                        || domain == AppConfig.GEOSITE_CN
+            }
+            val finalDirectDomain = if (isCnRoutingMode) directDomain.filterNot {
+                cnRegionFilter(it)
+            } else directDomain
+            val domesticDnsTags = mutableListOf<String>()
+            domesticDns.forEachIndexed { index, element ->
+                val tag = AppConfig.TAG_DOMESTIC_DNS + index
+                servers.add(
+                    V2rayConfig.DnsBean.ServersBean(
+                        address = element,
+                        domains = finalDirectDomain,
+                        skipFallback = true,
+                        tag = tag
+                    )
+                )
+                domesticDnsTags.add(tag)
+            }
+            if (isCnRoutingMode) {
+                val geoipCn = arrayListOf(AppConfig.GEOIP_CN)
+                val cnRegionDomain = directDomain.filter { cnRegionFilter(it) }
+                domesticDns.forEachIndexed { index, element ->
+                    val geositeCnDnsTag = AppConfig.TAG_DOMESTIC_DNS + index + "_cn_expect"
+                    servers.add(
+                        V2rayConfig.DnsBean.ServersBean(
+                            address = element,
+                            domains = cnRegionDomain,
+                            expectIPs = geoipCn,
+                            skipFallback = true,
+                            tag = geositeCnDnsTag
+                        )
+                    )
+                    domesticDnsTags.add(geositeCnDnsTag)
+                }
+            }
+
+            //block dns
+            val blkDomain = getUserRule2Domain(AppConfig.TAG_BLOCKED)
+            if (blkDomain.isNotEmpty()) {
+                hosts.putAll(blkDomain.map { it to AppConfig.LOOPBACK })
+            }
+
+            // hardcode googleapi rule to fix play store problems
+            hosts[AppConfig.GOOGLEAPIS_CN_DOMAIN] = AppConfig.GOOGLEAPIS_COM_DOMAIN
+
+            // hardcode popular Android Private DNS rule to fix localhost DNS problem
+            hosts[AppConfig.DNS_ALIDNS_DOMAIN] = AppConfig.DNS_ALIDNS_ADDRESSES
+            hosts[AppConfig.DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONE_DOMAIN] = AppConfig.DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONE_ADDRESSES
+            hosts[AppConfig.DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_COM_DOMAIN] = AppConfig.DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_COM_ADDRESSES
+            hosts[AppConfig.DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_DOMAIN] = AppConfig.DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_ADDRESSES
+            hosts[AppConfig.DNS_DNSPOD_DOMAIN] = AppConfig.DNS_DNSPOD_ADDRESSES
+            hosts[AppConfig.DNS_GOOGLE_DOMAIN] = AppConfig.DNS_GOOGLE_ADDRESSES
+            hosts[AppConfig.DNS_QUAD9_DOMAIN] = AppConfig.DNS_QUAD9_ADDRESSES
+            hosts[AppConfig.DNS_YANDEX_DOMAIN] = AppConfig.DNS_YANDEX_ADDRESSES
+
+            //User DNS hosts
+            try {
+                val userHosts = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_DNS_HOSTS)
+                if (userHosts.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                    var userHostsMap = userHosts?.split(",")
+                        ?.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+                        ?.filter { it.contains(":") }
+                        ?.associate { it.split(":").let { (k, v) -> k to v } }
+                    if (userHostsMap != null) hosts.putAll(userHostsMap)
+                }
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to configure user DNS hosts", e)
+            }
+
+            // DNS dns
+            v2rayConfig.dns = V2rayConfig.DnsBean(
+                servers = servers,
+                hosts = hosts,
+                tag = AppConfig.TAG_DNS,
+                enableParallelQuery = if ((domesticDns.size + remoteDns.size) > 2) true else null
+            )
+
+            // DNS routing
+            v2rayConfig.routing.rules.add(
+                V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.RulesBean(
+                    outboundTag = AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT,
+                    inboundTag = domesticDnsTags,
+                    domain = null
+                )
+            )
+            v2rayConfig.routing.rules.add(
+                V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.RulesBean(
+                    outboundTag = AppConfig.TAG_PROXY,
+                    inboundTag = arrayListOf(AppConfig.TAG_DNS),
+                    domain = null
+                )
+            )
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to configure DNS", e)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+
+    //endregion
+
+
+    //region outbound related functions
+
+    /**
+     * Configures the primary outbound connection.
+     *
+     * Converts the profile to an outbound configuration and applies global settings.
+     *
+     * @param configContext Runtime context containing the selected profile
+     * @param v2rayConfig The V2ray configuration object to be modified
+     * @return true if outbound configuration was successful, null if there was an error
+     */
+    private fun getOutbounds(configContext: CoreConfigContext, v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig): Boolean? {
+        val outbound = convertProfile2Outbound(configContext.selectedProfile) ?: return null
+
+        if (v2rayConfig.outbounds.isNotEmpty()) {
+            v2rayConfig.outbounds[0] = outbound
+        } else {
+            v2rayConfig.outbounds.add(outbound)
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures load balancing settings for the V2ray configuration.
+     *
+     * @param configContext Runtime context containing policy group settings
+     * @param v2rayConfig The V2ray configuration object to be modified with balancing settings
+     */
+    private fun getBalance(configContext: CoreConfigContext, v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig) {
+        val config = configContext.selectedProfile
+        try {
+            v2rayConfig.routing.rules.forEach { rule ->
+                if (rule.outboundTag == AppConfig.TAG_PROXY) {
+                    rule.outboundTag = null
+                    rule.balancerTag = AppConfig.TAG_BALANCER
+                }
+            }
+
+            val lstSelector = listOf("proxy-")
+            when (config.policyGroupType) {
+                // Least Ping goto else
+                "1" -> {
+                    // Least Load
+                    val balancer = V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.BalancerBean(
+                        tag = AppConfig.TAG_BALANCER,
+                        selector = lstSelector,
+                        strategy = V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.StrategyObject(
+                            type = "leastLoad"
+                        )
+                    )
+                    v2rayConfig.routing.balancers = listOf(balancer)
+                    v2rayConfig.burstObservatory = V2rayConfig.BurstObservatoryObject(
+                        subjectSelector = lstSelector,
+                        pingConfig = V2rayConfig.BurstObservatoryObject.PingConfigObject(
+                            destination = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_DELAY_TEST_URL) ?: AppConfig.DELAY_TEST_URL,
+                            interval = "5m",
+                            sampling = 2,
+                            timeout = "30s"
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+
+                "2" -> {
+                    // Random
+                    val balancer = V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.BalancerBean(
+                        tag = AppConfig.TAG_BALANCER,
+                        selector = lstSelector,
+                        strategy = V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.StrategyObject(
+                            type = "random"
+                        )
+                    )
+                    v2rayConfig.routing.balancers = listOf(balancer)
+                }
+
+                "3" -> {
+                    // Round Robin
+                    val balancer = V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.BalancerBean(
+                        tag = AppConfig.TAG_BALANCER,
+                        selector = lstSelector,
+                        strategy = V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.StrategyObject(
+                            type = "roundRobin"
+                        )
+                    )
+                    v2rayConfig.routing.balancers = listOf(balancer)
+                }
+
+                else -> {
+                    // Default: Least Ping
+                    val balancer = V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.BalancerBean(
+                        tag = AppConfig.TAG_BALANCER,
+                        selector = lstSelector,
+                        strategy = V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.StrategyObject(
+                            type = "leastPing"
+                        )
+                    )
+                    v2rayConfig.routing.balancers = listOf(balancer)
+                    v2rayConfig.observatory = V2rayConfig.ObservatoryObject(
+                        subjectSelector = lstSelector,
+                        probeUrl = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_DELAY_TEST_URL) ?: AppConfig.DELAY_TEST_URL,
+                        probeInterval = "3m",
+                        enableConcurrency = true
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (v2rayConfig.routing.domainStrategy == "IPIfNonMatch") {
+                v2rayConfig.routing.rules.add(
+                    V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.RulesBean(
+                        ip = arrayListOf("0.0.0.0/0", "::/0"),
+                        balancerTag = AppConfig.TAG_BALANCER,
+                    )
+                )
+            } else {
+                v2rayConfig.routing.rules.add(
+                    V2rayConfig.RoutingBean.RulesBean(
+                        network = "tcp,udp",
+                        balancerTag = AppConfig.TAG_BALANCER,
+                    )
+                )
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to configure balance", e)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolves domain names to IP addresses in outbound connections.
+     *
+     * Pre-resolves domains to improve connection speed and reliability.
+     *
+     * @param v2rayConfig The V2ray configuration object to be modified
+     */
+    private fun resolveOutboundDomainsToHosts(v2rayConfig: V2rayConfig) {
+        val proxyOutboundList = v2rayConfig.getAllProxyOutbound()
+        val dns = v2rayConfig.dns ?: return
+        val newHosts = dns.hosts?.toMutableMap() ?: mutableMapOf()
+        val preferIpv6 = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PREFER_IPV6) == true
+
+        for (item in proxyOutboundList) {
+            val domain = item.getServerAddress()
+            if (domain.isNullOrEmpty()) continue
+
+            if (newHosts.containsKey(domain)) {
+                item.ensureSockopt().domainStrategy = "UseIP"
+                item.ensureSockopt().happyEyeballs = V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.HappyEyeballsBean(
+                    prioritizeIPv6 = preferIpv6,
+                    interleave = 2
+                )
+                continue
+            }
+
+            val resolvedIps = HttpUtil.resolveHostToIP(domain, preferIpv6)
+            if (resolvedIps.isNullOrEmpty()) continue
+
+            item.ensureSockopt().domainStrategy = "UseIP"
+            item.ensureSockopt().happyEyeballs = V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.HappyEyeballsBean(
+                prioritizeIPv6 = preferIpv6,
+                interleave = 2
+            )
+            newHosts[domain] = if (resolvedIps.size == 1) {
+                resolvedIps[0]
+            } else {
+                resolvedIps
+            }
+        }
+
+        dns.hosts = newHosts
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts a profile item to an outbound configuration.
+     *
+     * Delegates to [CoreOutboundBuilder] which owns all per-protocol
+     * conversion logic, keeping this manager focused on config orchestration.
+     *
+     * @param profileItem The profile item to convert
+     * @return OutboundBean configuration for the profile, or null if not supported
+     */
+    private fun convertProfile2Outbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): V2rayConfig.OutboundBean? {
+        return CoreOutboundBuilder.convert(profileItem)
+    }
+
+    //endregion
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.core
+
+import android.content.Context
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+import go.Seq
+import libv2ray.CoreCallbackHandler
+import libv2ray.CoreController
+import libv2ray.Libv2ray
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
+
+/**
+ * V2Ray Native Library Manager
+ *
+ * Thread-safe singleton wrapper for Libv2ray native methods.
+ * Provides initialization protection and unified API for V2Ray core operations.
+ */
+object CoreNativeManager {
+    private val initialized = AtomicBoolean(false)
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize V2Ray core environment.
+     * This method is thread-safe and ensures initialization happens only once.
+     * Subsequent calls will be ignored silently.
+     *
+     */
+    fun initCoreEnv(context: Context?) {
+        if (initialized.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+            try {
+                Seq.setContext(context?.applicationContext)
+                val assetPath = Utils.userAssetPath(context)
+                val deviceId = Utils.getDeviceIdForXUDPBaseKey()
+                Libv2ray.initCoreEnv(assetPath, deviceId)
+                LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "V2Ray core environment initialized successfully")
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to initialize V2Ray core environment", e)
+                initialized.set(false)
+                throw e
+            }
+        } else {
+            LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "V2Ray core environment already initialized, skipping")
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Get V2Ray core version.
+     *
+     * @return Version string of the V2Ray core
+     */
+    fun getLibVersion(): String {
+        return try {
+            Libv2ray.checkVersionX()
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to check V2Ray version", e)
+            "Unknown"
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Measure outbound connection delay.
+     *
+     * @param config The configuration JSON string
+     * @param testUrl The URL to test against
+     * @return Delay in milliseconds, or -1 if test failed
+     */
+    fun measureOutboundDelay(config: String, testUrl: String): Long {
+        return try {
+            Libv2ray.measureOutboundDelay(config, testUrl)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to measure outbound delay", e)
+            -1L
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new core controller instance.
+     *
+     * @param handler The callback handler for core events
+     * @return A new CoreController instance
+     */
+    fun newCoreController(handler: CoreCallbackHandler): CoreController {
+        return try {
+            Libv2ray.newCoreController(handler)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to create core controller", e)
+            throw e
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,697 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.core
+
+import android.text.TextUtils
+import com.google.gson.JsonArray
+import com.google.gson.JsonObject
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+/**
+ * Centralizes ProfileItem -> OutboundBean conversion.
+ * Most protocol builders mirror the previous *Fmt.toOutbound behavior.
+ */
+object CoreOutboundBuilder {
+
+    /** Dispatches a profile to protocol-specific outbound builder. */
+    fun convert(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outbound = when (profileItem.configType) {
+            EConfigType.VMESS -> toOutboundVmess(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS -> toOutboundShadowsocks(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.SOCKS -> toOutboundSocks(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.VLESS -> toOutboundVless(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.TROJAN -> toOutboundTrojan(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.WIREGUARD -> toOutboundWireguard(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 -> toOutboundHysteria2(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.HTTP -> toOutboundHttp(profileItem)
+            else -> null
+        }
+
+        outbound ?: return null
+        val ret = updateOutboundWithGlobalSettings(outbound)
+        if (!ret) return null
+        return outbound
+    }
+
+    /** Applies global outbound options (mux, protocol-specific tweaks, etc.). */
+    private fun updateOutboundWithGlobalSettings(outbound: OutboundBean): Boolean {
+        try {
+            var muxEnabled = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_ENABLED, false)
+            val protocol = outbound.protocol
+            if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.SOCKS.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HTTP.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.TROJAN.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name, true)
+            ) {
+                muxEnabled = false
+            } else if (outbound.streamSettings?.network == NetworkType.XHTTP.type) {
+                muxEnabled = false
+            }
+
+            if (muxEnabled) {
+                outbound.mux?.enabled = true
+                outbound.mux?.concurrency = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_CONCURRENCY, "8").orEmpty().toInt()
+                outbound.mux?.xudpConcurrency = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_XUDP_CONCURRENCY, "16").orEmpty().toInt()
+                outbound.mux?.xudpProxyUDP443 = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_XUDP_QUIC, "reject")
+                if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.VLESS.name, true) && outbound.settings?.vnext?.first()?.users?.first()?.flow?.isNotEmpty() == true) {
+                    outbound.mux?.concurrency = -1
+                }
+            } else {
+                outbound.mux?.enabled = false
+                outbound.mux?.concurrency = -1
+            }
+
+            if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
+                var localTunAddr = if (outbound.settings?.address == null) {
+                    listOf(AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4)
+                } else {
+                    outbound.settings?.address as List<*>
+                }
+                if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_IPV6_ENABLED) != true) {
+                    localTunAddr = listOf(localTunAddr.first())
+                }
+                outbound.settings?.address = localTunAddr
+            }
+
+            if (outbound.streamSettings?.network == AppConfig.DEFAULT_NETWORK
+                && outbound.streamSettings?.tcpSettings?.header?.type == AppConfig.HEADER_TYPE_HTTP
+            ) {
+                val path = outbound.streamSettings?.tcpSettings?.header?.request?.path
+                val host = outbound.streamSettings?.tcpSettings?.header?.request?.headers?.Host
+
+                val requestString: String by lazy {
+                    """{"version":"1.1","method":"GET","headers":{"User-Agent":["Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.6478.122 Mobile Safari/537.36"],"Accept-Encoding":["gzip, deflate"],"Connection":["keep-alive"],"Pragma":["no-cache"]}}"""
+                }
+                outbound.streamSettings?.tcpSettings?.header?.request = JsonUtil.fromJson(
+                    requestString,
+                    OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TcpSettingsBean.HeaderBean.RequestBean::class.java
+                )
+                outbound.streamSettings?.tcpSettings?.header?.request?.path =
+                    if (path.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+                        listOf("/")
+                    } else {
+                        path
+                    }
+                outbound.streamSettings?.tcpSettings?.header?.request?.headers?.Host = host
+            }
+
+
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to update outbound with global settings", e)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /** Creates an initial outbound template for a protocol type. */
+    fun createInitOutbound(configType: EConfigType): OutboundBean? {
+        return when (configType) {
+            EConfigType.VMESS,
+            EConfigType.VLESS ->
+                return OutboundBean(
+                    protocol = configType.name.lowercase(),
+                    settings = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(
+                        vnext = listOf(
+                            OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.VnextBean(
+                                users = listOf(OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.VnextBean.UsersBean())
+                            )
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    streamSettings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean()
+                )
+
+            EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS,
+            EConfigType.SOCKS,
+            EConfigType.HTTP,
+            EConfigType.TROJAN ->
+                return OutboundBean(
+                    protocol = configType.name.lowercase(),
+                    settings = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(
+                        servers = listOf(OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.ServersBean())
+                    ),
+                    streamSettings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean()
+                )
+
+            EConfigType.WIREGUARD ->
+                return OutboundBean(
+                    protocol = configType.name.lowercase(),
+                    settings = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(
+                        secretKey = "",
+                        peers = listOf(OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.WireGuardBean())
+                    )
+                )
+
+            EConfigType.HYSTERIA,
+            EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 ->
+                return OutboundBean(
+                    protocol = EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name.lowercase(),
+                    settings = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(
+                        servers = null
+                    ),
+                    streamSettings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean()
+                )
+
+            else -> null
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Per-protocol builders — implementations are identical to each *Fmt.toOutbound ──
+
+    private fun toOutboundVmess(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VMESS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.vnext?.first()?.let { vnext ->
+            vnext.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            vnext.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            vnext.users[0].id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+            vnext.users[0].security = profileItem.method
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundVless(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VLESS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.vnext?.first()?.let { vnext ->
+            vnext.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            vnext.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            vnext.users[0].id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+            vnext.users[0].encryption = profileItem.method
+            vnext.users[0].flow = profileItem.flow
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundShadowsocks(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
+            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            server.password = profileItem.password
+            server.method = profileItem.method
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundTrojan(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.TROJAN)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
+            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            server.password = profileItem.password
+            server.flow = profileItem.flow
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundSocks(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SOCKS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
+            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                val socksUsersBean = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.ServersBean.SocksUsersBean()
+                socksUsersBean.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
+                socksUsersBean.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+                server.users = listOf(socksUsersBean)
+            }
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundHttp(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HTTP)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
+            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                val socksUsersBean = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.ServersBean.SocksUsersBean()
+                socksUsersBean.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
+                socksUsersBean.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+                server.users = listOf(socksUsersBean)
+            }
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundWireguard(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.WIREGUARD)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { wireguard ->
+            wireguard.secretKey = profileItem.secretKey
+            wireguard.address = (profileItem.localAddress ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4).split(",")
+            wireguard.peers?.firstOrNull()?.let { peer ->
+                peer.publicKey = profileItem.publicKey.orEmpty()
+                peer.preSharedKey = profileItem.preSharedKey?.nullIfBlank()
+                peer.endpoint = Utils.getIpv6Address(profileItem.server) + ":${profileItem.serverPort}"
+            }
+            wireguard.mtu = profileItem.mtu
+            wireguard.reserved = profileItem.reserved?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }?.split(",")?.filter { it.isNotBlank() }?.map { it.trim().toInt() }
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundHysteria2(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) ?: return null
+        profileItem.network = NetworkType.HYSTERIA.type
+        profileItem.alpn = "h3"
+
+        outboundBean.settings?.let { server ->
+            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            server.version = 2
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures transport settings for an outbound connection.
+     *
+     * Sets up protocol-specific transport options based on the profile settings.
+     *
+     * @param streamSettings The stream settings to configure
+     * @param profileItem The profile containing transport configuration
+     * @return The Server Name Indication (SNI) value to use, or null if not applicable
+     */
+    fun populateTransportSettings(streamSettings: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean, profileItem: ProfileItem): String? {
+        val transport = profileItem.network.orEmpty()
+        val headerType = profileItem.headerType
+        val host = profileItem.host
+        val path = profileItem.path
+        val seed = profileItem.seed
+//        val quicSecurity = profileItem.quicSecurity
+//        val key = profileItem.quicKey
+        val mode = profileItem.mode
+        val serviceName = profileItem.serviceName
+        val authority = profileItem.authority
+        val xhttpMode = profileItem.xhttpMode
+        val xhttpExtra = profileItem.xhttpExtra
+        val finalMask = profileItem.finalMask
+        var sni: String? = null
+        streamSettings.network = transport.ifEmpty { NetworkType.TCP.type }
+        when (streamSettings.network) {
+            NetworkType.TCP.type -> {
+                val tcpSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TcpSettingsBean()
+                if (headerType == AppConfig.HEADER_TYPE_HTTP) {
+                    tcpSetting.header.type = AppConfig.HEADER_TYPE_HTTP
+                    if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(host) || !TextUtils.isEmpty(path)) {
+                        val requestObj = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TcpSettingsBean.HeaderBean.RequestBean()
+                        requestObj.headers.Host = host.orEmpty().split(",").map { it.trim() }.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+                        requestObj.path = path.orEmpty().split(",").map { it.trim() }.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+                        tcpSetting.header.request = requestObj
+                        sni = requestObj.headers.Host?.getOrNull(0)
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    tcpSetting.header.type = "none"
+                    sni = host
+                }
+                streamSettings.tcpSettings = tcpSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.KCP.type -> {
+                val kcpSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.KcpSettingsBean()
+                profileItem.kcpMtu?.let { kcpSetting.mtu = it }
+                profileItem.kcpTti?.let { kcpSetting.tti = it }
+                streamSettings.kcpSettings = kcpSetting
+                val udpMaskList = mutableListOf<OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean>()
+                if (!headerType.isNullOrEmpty() && headerType != "none") {
+                    val kcpHeaderType = when {
+                        headerType == "wechat-video" -> "header-wechat"
+                        else -> "header-$headerType"
+                    }
+                    udpMaskList.add(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = kcpHeaderType,
+                            settings = if (headerType == "dns" && !host.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+                                OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                                    domain = host
+                                )
+                            } else {
+                                null
+                            }
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+                if (seed.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+                    udpMaskList.add(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = "mkcp-original"
+                        )
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    udpMaskList.add(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = "mkcp-aes128gcm",
+                            settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                                password = seed
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+                streamSettings.finalmask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean(
+                    udp = udpMaskList.toList()
+                )
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.WS.type -> {
+                val wssetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.WsSettingsBean()
+                wssetting.headers.Host = host.orEmpty()
+                sni = host
+                wssetting.path = path ?: "/"
+                streamSettings.wsSettings = wssetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.HTTP_UPGRADE.type -> {
+                val httpupgradeSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.HttpupgradeSettingsBean()
+                httpupgradeSetting.host = host.orEmpty()
+                sni = host
+                httpupgradeSetting.path = path ?: "/"
+                streamSettings.httpupgradeSettings = httpupgradeSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.XHTTP.type -> {
+                val xhttpSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.XhttpSettingsBean()
+                xhttpSetting.host = host.orEmpty()
+                sni = host
+                xhttpSetting.path = path ?: "/"
+                xhttpSetting.mode = xhttpMode
+                xhttpSetting.extra = JsonUtil.parseString(xhttpExtra)
+                streamSettings.xhttpSettings = xhttpSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.H2.type, NetworkType.HTTP.type -> {
+                streamSettings.network = NetworkType.H2.type
+                val h2Setting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.HttpSettingsBean()
+                h2Setting.host = host.orEmpty().split(",").map { it.trim() }.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+                sni = h2Setting.host.getOrNull(0)
+                h2Setting.path = path ?: "/"
+                streamSettings.httpSettings = h2Setting
+            }
+
+//                    "quic" -> {
+//                        val quicsetting = QuicSettingBean()
+//                        quicsetting.security = quicSecurity ?: "none"
+//                        quicsetting.key = key.orEmpty()
+//                        quicsetting.header.type = headerType ?: "none"
+//                        quicSettings = quicsetting
+//                    }
+
+            NetworkType.GRPC.type -> {
+                val grpcSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.GrpcSettingsBean()
+                grpcSetting.multiMode = mode == "multi"
+                grpcSetting.serviceName = serviceName.orEmpty()
+                grpcSetting.authority = authority.orEmpty()
+                grpcSetting.idle_timeout = 60
+                grpcSetting.health_check_timeout = 20
+                sni = authority
+                streamSettings.grpcSettings = grpcSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.HYSTERIA.type -> {
+                val hysteriaSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.HysteriaSettingsBean(
+                    version = 2,
+                    auth = profileItem.password.orEmpty(),
+                )
+                val quicParams = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.QuicParamsBean(
+                    brutalUp = profileItem.bandwidthUp?.nullIfBlank(),
+                    brutalDown = profileItem.bandwidthDown?.nullIfBlank(),
+                )
+                quicParams.congestion = if (quicParams.brutalUp != null || quicParams.brutalDown != null) "brutal" else null
+                if (profileItem.portHopping.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                    val rawInterval = profileItem.portHoppingInterval?.trim().nullIfBlank()
+                    val interval = if (rawInterval == null) {
+                        "30"
+                    } else {
+                        val singleValue = rawInterval.toIntOrNull()
+                        if (singleValue != null) {
+                            if (singleValue < 5) {
+                                "30"
+                            } else {
+                                rawInterval
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            val parts = rawInterval.split('-')
+                            if (parts.size == 2) {
+                                val start = parts[0].trim().toIntOrNull()
+                                val end = parts[1].trim().toIntOrNull()
+                                if (start != null && end != null) {
+                                    val minStart = maxOf(5, start)
+                                    val minEnd = maxOf(minStart, end)
+                                    "$minStart-$minEnd"
+                                } else {
+                                    "30"
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                "30"
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    quicParams.udpHop = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.QuicParamsBean.UdpHopBean(
+                        ports = profileItem.portHopping,
+                        interval = interval
+                    )
+                }
+                val finalmask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean(
+                    quicParams = quicParams
+                )
+                if (profileItem.obfsPassword.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                    finalmask.udp = listOf(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = "salamander",
+                            settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                                password = profileItem.obfsPassword.orEmpty()
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+                streamSettings.hysteriaSettings = hysteriaSetting
+                streamSettings.finalmask = finalmask
+            }
+        }
+        finalMask?.let {
+            val parsedFinalMask = JsonUtil.parseString(finalMask)
+            if (parsedFinalMask != null) {
+                streamSettings.finalmask = parsedFinalMask
+            } else {
+                LogUtil.w("V2rayConfigManager", "Invalid finalMask JSON, keeping previously generated finalmask")
+            }
+        }
+        return sni
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures TLS or REALITY security settings for an outbound connection.
+     *
+     * Sets up security-related parameters like certificates, fingerprints, and SNI.
+     *
+     * @param streamSettings The stream settings to configure
+     * @param profileItem The profile containing security configuration
+     * @param sniExt An external SNI value to use if the profile doesn't specify one
+     */
+    fun populateTlsSettings(streamSettings: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean, profileItem: ProfileItem, sniExt: String?) {
+        val streamSecurity = profileItem.security.orEmpty()
+        val allowInsecure = profileItem.insecure == true
+        val sni = if (profileItem.sni.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            when {
+                sniExt.isNotNullEmpty() && Utils.isDomainName(sniExt) -> sniExt
+                profileItem.server.isNotNullEmpty() && Utils.isDomainName(profileItem.server) -> profileItem.server
+                else -> sniExt
+            }
+        } else {
+            profileItem.sni
+        }
+
+        streamSettings.security = streamSecurity.nullIfBlank()
+        if (streamSettings.security == null) return
+        val tlsSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TlsSettingsBean(
+            allowInsecure = allowInsecure,
+            serverName = sni.nullIfBlank(),
+            fingerprint = profileItem.fingerPrint.nullIfBlank(),
+            alpn = profileItem.alpn?.split(",")?.map { it.trim() }?.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }.takeIf { !it.isNullOrEmpty() },
+            echConfigList = profileItem.echConfigList.nullIfBlank(),
+            pinnedPeerCertSha256 = profileItem.pinnedCA256.nullIfBlank(),
+            publicKey = profileItem.publicKey.nullIfBlank(),
+            shortId = profileItem.shortId.nullIfBlank(),
+            spiderX = profileItem.spiderX.nullIfBlank(),
+            mldsa65Verify = profileItem.mldsa65Verify.nullIfBlank(),
+        )
+        if (streamSettings.security == AppConfig.TLS) {
+            streamSettings.tlsSettings = tlsSetting
+            streamSettings.realitySettings = null
+        } else if (streamSettings.security == AppConfig.REALITY) {
+            streamSettings.tlsSettings = null
+            streamSettings.realitySettings = tlsSetting
+        }
+
+        if (profileItem.finalMask.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            updateOutboundFragment(streamSettings)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates the outbound with fragment settings for traffic optimization.
+     *
+     * Configures packet fragmentation for TLS and REALITY protocols if enabled.
+     *
+     * @param streamSettings The streamSettings object to be modified
+     * @return true if fragment configuration was successful, false otherwise
+     */
+    private fun updateOutboundFragment(streamSettings: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean): Boolean {
+        try {
+            if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_ENABLED, false) == false) {
+                return true
+            }
+            if (streamSettings.security != AppConfig.TLS
+                && streamSettings.security != AppConfig.REALITY
+            ) {
+                return true
+            }
+            if (streamSettings.sockopt?.dialerProxy.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                return true
+            }
+
+            var packets =
+                MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_PACKETS) ?: "tlshello"
+            if (streamSettings.security == AppConfig.REALITY
+                && packets == "tlshello"
+            ) {
+                packets = "1-3"
+            } else if (streamSettings.security == AppConfig.TLS
+                && packets != "tlshello"
+            ) {
+                packets = "tlshello"
+            }
+
+            val fragmentMask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                type = "fragment",
+                settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                    packets = packets,
+                    length = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_LENGTH)
+                        ?: "50-100",
+                    delay = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_INTERVAL)
+                        ?: "10-20"
+                )
+            )
+            val noiseMask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                type = "noise",
+                settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                    noise = listOf(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean.NoiseMaskBean(
+                            rand = "10-20",
+                            delay = "10-16",
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+
+            val finalMaskObj = streamSettings.finalmask?.let { existingFinalMask ->
+                JsonUtil.parseString(JsonUtil.toJson(existingFinalMask))
+            } ?: JsonObject()
+
+            // finalmask.tcp / finalmask.udp are arrays; prepend mask at index 0.
+            fun prependMask(scope: String, mask: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean) {
+                val current = finalMaskObj.get(scope)
+                if (current != null && current.isJsonArray && current.asJsonArray.size() > 0) {
+                    return
+                }
+
+                val newArray = JsonArray()
+                newArray.add(JsonUtil.parseString(JsonUtil.toJson(mask)))
+
+                if (current != null && current.isJsonArray) {
+                    current.asJsonArray.forEach { newArray.add(it) }
+                }
+                finalMaskObj.add(scope, newArray)
+            }
+
+            prependMask("tcp", fragmentMask)
+            prependMask("udp", noiseMask)
+            streamSettings.finalmask = finalMaskObj
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to update outbound fragment", e)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    private fun getServerAddress(profileItem: ProfileItem): String {
+        if (Utils.isPureIpAddress(profileItem.server.orEmpty())) {
+            return profileItem.server.orEmpty()
+        }
+
+        val domain = HttpUtil.toIdnDomain(profileItem.server.orEmpty())
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_OUTBOUND_DOMAIN_RESOLVE_METHOD, "1") != "2") {
+            return domain
+        }
+        //Resolve and replace domain
+        val resolvedIps = HttpUtil.resolveHostToIP(domain, MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PREFER_IPV6))
+        if (resolvedIps.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            return domain
+        }
+        return resolvedIps.first()
+    }
+}
@@ -1,45 +1,55 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.service
+package com.v2ray.ang.core

 import android.app.Service
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
 import android.content.IntentFilter
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager
 import android.os.Build
-import android.util.Log
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor
+import android.system.OsConstants
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.ServiceControl
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.NotificationManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SpeedtestManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.CoreProxyOnlyService
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.CoreVpnService
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.MessageUtil
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.PluginUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
-import go.Seq
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
 import libv2ray.CoreCallbackHandler
 import libv2ray.CoreController
-import libv2ray.Libv2ray
+import libv2ray.ProcessFinder
 import java.lang.ref.SoftReference
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress

-object V2RayServiceManager {
+object CoreServiceManager {

-    private val coreController: CoreController = Libv2ray.newCoreController(CoreCallback())
+    private val coreController: CoreController = CoreNativeManager.newCoreController(CoreCallback())
    private val mMsgReceive = ReceiveMessageHandler()
    private var currentConfig: ProfileItem? = null
+    private var processFinder: XrayProcessFinder? = null

    var serviceControl: SoftReference<ServiceControl>? = null
        set(value) {
            field = value
-            Seq.setContext(value?.get()?.getService()?.applicationContext)
-            Libv2ray.initCoreEnv(Utils.userAssetPath(value?.get()?.getService()), Utils.getDeviceIdForXUDPBaseKey())
+            val service = value?.get()?.getService()
+            CoreNativeManager.initCoreEnv(service)
+            if (service != null && processFinder == null && Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
+                processFinder = XrayProcessFinder(service)
+                coreController.registerProcessFinder(processFinder)
+            }
        }

    /**
@@ -62,9 +72,12 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
     * @param guid The GUID of the server configuration to use (optional).
     */
    fun startVService(context: Context, guid: String? = null) {
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: startVService from ${context::class.java.simpleName}")
+
        if (guid != null) {
            MmkvManager.setSelectServer(guid)
        }
+
        startContextService(context)
    }

@@ -73,7 +86,7 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
     * @param context The context from which the service is stopped.
     */
    fun stopVService(context: Context) {
-        context.toast(R.string.toast_services_stop)
+        //context.toast(R.string.toast_services_stop)
        MessageUtil.sendMsg2Service(context, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP, "")
    }

@@ -96,31 +109,56 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
     */
    private fun startContextService(context: Context) {
        if (coreController.isRunning) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core already running")
            return
        }
-        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer() ?: return
-        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: return
+
+        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
+        if (guid == null) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: No server selected")
+            return
+        }
+
+        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid)
+        if (config == null) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to decode server config")
+            return
+        }
+
        if (config.configType != EConfigType.CUSTOM
+            && config.configType != EConfigType.POLICYGROUP
+            && config.configType != EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN
            && !Utils.isValidUrl(config.server)
-            && !Utils.isIpAddress(config.server)
-        ) return
+            && !Utils.isPureIpAddress(config.server.orEmpty())
+        ) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Invalid server configuration")
+            return
+        }
+        // refresh socks port when enabled dynamic socks port
+        SettingsManager.refreshRuntimeSocksPort()
+
 //        val result = V2rayConfigUtil.getV2rayConfig(context, guid)
 //        if (!result.status) return

-        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PROXY_SHARING) == true) {
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PROXY_SHARING)) {
            context.toast(R.string.toast_warning_pref_proxysharing_short)
        } else {
            context.toast(R.string.toast_services_start)
        }
-        val intent = if ((MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_MODE) ?: AppConfig.VPN) == AppConfig.VPN) {
-            Intent(context.applicationContext, V2RayVpnService::class.java)
+
+        val isVpnMode = SettingsManager.isVpnMode()
+        val intent = if (isVpnMode) {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Starting VPN service")
+            Intent(context.applicationContext, CoreVpnService::class.java)
        } else {
-            Intent(context.applicationContext, V2RayProxyOnlyService::class.java)
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Starting Proxy service")
+            Intent(context.applicationContext, CoreProxyOnlyService::class.java)
        }
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT > Build.VERSION_CODES.N_MR1) {
-            context.startForegroundService(intent)
-        } else {
-            context.startService(intent)
+
+        try {
+            ContextCompat.startForegroundService(context, intent)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to start service", e)
        }
    }

@@ -129,17 +167,37 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
     * `registerReceiver(Context, BroadcastReceiver, IntentFilter, int)`.
     * Starts the V2Ray core service.
     */
-    fun startCoreLoop(): Boolean {
+    fun startCoreLoop(vpnInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor?): Boolean {
        if (coreController.isRunning) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core already running")
            return false
        }

-        val service = getService() ?: return false
-        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer() ?: return false
-        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: return false
-        val result = V2rayConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(service, guid)
-        if (!result.status)
+        val service = getService()
+        if (service == null) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Service is null")
            return false
+        }
+
+        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
+        if (guid == null) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: No server selected")
+            return false
+        }
+
+        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid)
+        if (config == null) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to decode server config")
+            return false
+        }
+
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Starting core loop for ${config.remarks}")
+        val result = CoreConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(service, guid)
+        LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, result.content)
+        if (!result.status) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to get V2Ray config")
+            return false
+        }

        try {
            val mFilter = IntentFilter(AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE)
@@ -148,33 +206,37 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
            mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_USER_PRESENT)
            ContextCompat.registerReceiver(service, mMsgReceive, mFilter, Utils.receiverFlags())
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to register broadcast receiver", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to register receiver", e)
            return false
        }

        currentConfig = config
+        var tunFd = vpnInterface?.fd ?: 0
+        if (SettingsManager.isUsingHevTun()) {
+            tunFd = 0
+        }

        try {
-            coreController.startLoop(result.content)
+            NotificationManager.showNotification(currentConfig)
+            coreController.startLoop(result.content, tunFd)
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to start Core loop", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to start core loop", e)
            return false
        }

        if (coreController.isRunning == false) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core failed to start")
            MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_FAILURE, "")
-            NotificationService.cancelNotification()
+            NotificationManager.cancelNotification()
            return false
        }

        try {
            MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_SUCCESS, "")
-            NotificationService.showNotification(currentConfig)
-            NotificationService.startSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
-
-            PluginUtil.runPlugin(service, config, result.socksPort)
+            NotificationManager.startSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core started successfully")
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to startup service", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to complete startup", e)
            return false
        }
        return true
@@ -193,20 +255,19 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
                try {
                    coreController.stopLoop()
                } catch (e: Exception) {
-                    Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to stop V2Ray loop", e)
+                    LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to stop V2Ray loop", e)
                }
            }
        }

        MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP_SUCCESS, "")
-        NotificationService.cancelNotification()
+        NotificationManager.cancelNotification()

        try {
            service.unregisterReceiver(mMsgReceive)
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to unregister broadcast receiver", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to unregister receiver", e)
        }
-        PluginUtil.stopPlugin()

        return true
    }
@@ -239,14 +300,14 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
            try {
                time = coreController.measureDelay(SettingsManager.getDelayTestUrl())
            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to measure delay with primary URL", e)
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to measure delay", e)
                errorStr = e.message?.substringAfter("\":") ?: "empty message"
            }
            if (time == -1L) {
                try {
                    time = coreController.measureDelay(SettingsManager.getDelayTestUrl(true))
                } catch (e: Exception) {
-                    Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to measure delay with alternative URL", e)
+                    LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to measure delay", e)
                    errorStr = e.message?.substringAfter("\":") ?: "empty message"
                }
            }
@@ -298,7 +359,7 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
                serviceControl.stopService()
                0
            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to stop service in callback", e)
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to stop service", e)
                -1
            }
        }
@@ -314,6 +375,43 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
        }
    }

+    /**
+     * Process finder implementation for Xray core.
+     * Uses ConnectivityManager to find the owning UID of a connection based on network parameters.
+     */
+    private class XrayProcessFinder(context: Context) : ProcessFinder {
+        private val cm: ConnectivityManager? = context.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java)
+
+        override fun findProcessByConnection(network: String, srcIP: String, srcPort: Long, destIP: String, destPort: Long): Long {
+            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) return -1L
+            if (cm == null) return -1L
+            val proto = when (network) {
+                "tcp" -> OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP
+                "udp" -> OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP
+                else -> return -1L
+            }
+
+            if (destIP.isBlank() || destPort == 0L) {
+                LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "ProcessFinder: Find $network connection from $srcIP:$srcPort to :$destPort, (no dest)")
+                return -1L
+            }
+
+            return try {
+                val uid = cm.getConnectionOwnerUid(
+                    proto,
+                    InetSocketAddress(srcIP, srcPort.toInt()),
+                    InetSocketAddress(destIP, destPort.toInt())
+                ).toLong()
+                LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "ProcessFinder: Find $network connection from $srcIP:$srcPort to $destIP:$destPort, uid=$uid")
+                //LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "ProcessFinder: Find $network connection from $srcIP:$srcPort to $destIP:$destPort, uid=$uid,${PackageUidResolver.uidToPackageName(uid.toString())}")
+
+                uid
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                -1L
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
    /**
     * Broadcast receiver for handling messages sent to the service.
     * Handles registration, service control, and screen events.
@@ -345,12 +443,12 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
                }

                AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP -> {
-                    Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Stop Service")
+                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Stop service")
                    serviceControl.stopService()
                }

                AppConfig.MSG_STATE_RESTART -> {
-                    Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Restart Service")
+                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Restart service")
                    serviceControl.stopService()
                    Thread.sleep(500L)
                    startVService(serviceControl.getService())
@@ -363,15 +461,15 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {

            when (intent?.action) {
                Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_OFF -> {
-                    Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SCREEN_OFF, stop querying stats")
-                    NotificationService.stopSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
+                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Screen off")
+                    NotificationManager.stopSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
                }

                Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_ON -> {
-                    Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SCREEN_ON, start querying stats")
-                    NotificationService.startSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
+                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Screen on")
+                    NotificationManager.startSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
                }
            }
        }
    }
-}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class AssetUrlCache(
+    val guid: String,
+    val assetUrl: AssetUrlItem
+)
@@ -4,6 +4,5 @@ data class ConfigResult(
    var status: Boolean,
    var guid: String? = null,
    var content: String = "",
-    var socksPort: Int? = null,
 )

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+import android.content.Context
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.CoreResolvedType
+
+/**
+ * Runtime context produced by the builder and consumed by CoreConfigManager.
+ */
+data class CoreConfigContext(
+    val context: Context,
+    val guid: String,
+    val selectedProfile: ProfileItem,
+    val resolvedProfiles: List<ProfileItem>,
+    val resolvedType: CoreResolvedType,
+    val customOutboundProfiles: Map<String, ProfileItem> = emptyMap(),
+)
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class GroupMapItem(
+    var id: String,
+    var remarks: String,
+)
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
-
-data class Hysteria2Bean(
-    val server: String?,
-    val auth: String?,
-    val lazy: Boolean? = true,
-    val obfs: ObfsBean? = null,
-    val socks5: Socks5Bean? = null,
-    val http: Socks5Bean? = null,
-    val tls: TlsBean? = null,
-    val transport: TransportBean? = null,
-    val bandwidth: BandwidthBean? = null,
-) {
-    data class ObfsBean(
-        val type: String?,
-        val salamander: SalamanderBean?
-    ) {
-        data class SalamanderBean(
-            val password: String?,
-        )
-    }
-
-    data class Socks5Bean(
-        val listen: String?,
-    )
-
-    data class TlsBean(
-        val sni: String?,
-        val insecure: Boolean?,
-        val pinSHA256: String?,
-    )
-
-    data class TransportBean(
-        val type: String?,
-        val udp: TransportUdpBean?
-    ) {
-        data class TransportUdpBean(
-            val hopInterval: String?,
-        )
-    }
-
-    data class BandwidthBean(
-        val down: String?,
-        val up: String?,
-    )
-}
@@ -2,10 +2,16 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.dto

 data class IPAPIInfo(
    var ip: String? = null,
-    var city: String? = null,
-    var region: String? = null,
-    var region_code: String? = null,
+    var clientIp: String? = null,
+    var ip_addr: String? = null,
+    var query: String? = null,
    var country: String? = null,
    var country_name: String? = null,
-    var country_code: String? = null
-)
+    var country_code: String? = null,
+    var countryCode: String? = null,
+    var location: LocationBean? = null
+) {
+    data class LocationBean(
+        var country_code: String? = null
+    )
+}
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.PORT_SOCKS
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_BLOCKED
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_PROXY
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils

 data class ProfileItem(
@@ -14,6 +15,7 @@ data class ProfileItem(
    var addedTime: Long = System.currentTimeMillis(),

    var remarks: String = "",
+    var description: String? = null,
    var server: String? = null,
    var serverPort: String? = null,

@@ -27,6 +29,9 @@ data class ProfileItem(
    var host: String? = null,
    var path: String? = null,
    var seed: String? = null,
+    var kcpMtu: Int? = null,
+    var kcpTti: Int? = null,
+
    var quicSecurity: String? = null,
    var quicKey: String? = null,
    var mode: String? = null,
@@ -34,16 +39,19 @@ data class ProfileItem(
    var authority: String? = null,
    var xhttpMode: String? = null,
    var xhttpExtra: String? = null,
-
+    var finalMask: String? = null,
    var security: String? = null,
    var sni: String? = null,
    var alpn: String? = null,
    var fingerPrint: String? = null,
    var insecure: Boolean? = null,
+    var echConfigList: String? = null,
+    var pinnedCA256: String? = null,

    var publicKey: String? = null,
    var shortId: String? = null,
    var spiderX: String? = null,
+    var mldsa65Verify: String? = null,

    var secretKey: String? = null,
    var preSharedKey: String? = null,
@@ -58,6 +66,11 @@ data class ProfileItem(
    var bandwidthDown: String? = null,
    var bandwidthUp: String? = null,

+    var policyGroupType: String? = null,
+    var policyGroupSubscriptionId: String? = null,
+    var policyGroupFilter: String? = null,
+    var proxyChainProfiles: String? = null,
+
    ) {
    companion object {
        fun create(configType: EConfigType): ProfileItem {
@@ -92,6 +105,8 @@ data class ProfileItem(
                && this.host == obj.host
                && this.path == obj.path
                && this.seed == obj.seed
+                && this.kcpMtu == obj.kcpMtu
+                && this.kcpTti == obj.kcpTti
                && this.quicSecurity == obj.quicSecurity
                && this.quicKey == obj.quicKey
                && this.mode == obj.mode
@@ -114,7 +129,8 @@ data class ProfileItem(
                && this.obfsPassword == obj.obfsPassword
                && this.portHopping == obj.portHopping
                && this.portHoppingInterval == obj.portHoppingInterval
-                && this.pinSHA256 == obj.pinSHA256
+                && this.pinnedCA256 == obj.pinnedCA256
+                && this.proxyChainProfiles == obj.proxyChainProfiles
                )
    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+sealed class RealPingEvent {
+
+    /** Periodic progress update while the batch is still running. */
+    data class Progress(val text: String) : RealPingEvent()
+
+    /** A single server result is available. */
+    data class Result(val guid: String, val delayMillis: Long) : RealPingEvent()
+
+    /** The entire batch has finished or been cancelled. */
+    data class Finish(val status: String) : RealPingEvent()
+}
+
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ data class RulesetItem(
    var remarks: String? = "",
    var ip: List<String>? = null,
    var domain: List<String>? = null,
+    var process: List<String>? = null,
    var outboundTag: String = "",
    var port: String? = null,
    var network: String? = null,
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
-
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_BLOCKED
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_PROXY
-
-data class ServerConfig(
-    val configVersion: Int = 3,
-    val configType: EConfigType,
-    var subscriptionId: String = "",
-    val addedTime: Long = System.currentTimeMillis(),
-    var remarks: String = "",
-    val outboundBean: V2rayConfig.OutboundBean? = null,
-    var fullConfig: V2rayConfig? = null
-) {
-    companion object {
-        fun create(configType: EConfigType): ServerConfig {
-            when (configType) {
-                EConfigType.VMESS,
-                EConfigType.VLESS ->
-                    return ServerConfig(
-                        configType = configType,
-                        outboundBean = V2rayConfig.OutboundBean(
-                            protocol = configType.name.lowercase(),
-                            settings = V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(
-                                vnext = listOf(
-                                    V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.VnextBean(
-                                        users = listOf(V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.VnextBean.UsersBean())
-                                    )
-                                )
-                            ),
-                            streamSettings = V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean()
-                        )
-                    )
-
-                EConfigType.CUSTOM ->
-                    return ServerConfig(configType = configType)
-
-                EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS,
-                EConfigType.SOCKS,
-                EConfigType.HTTP,
-                EConfigType.TROJAN,
-                EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 ->
-                    return ServerConfig(
-                        configType = configType,
-                        outboundBean = V2rayConfig.OutboundBean(
-                            protocol = configType.name.lowercase(),
-                            settings = V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(
-                                servers = listOf(V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.ServersBean())
-                            ),
-                            streamSettings = V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean()
-                        )
-                    )
-
-                EConfigType.WIREGUARD ->
-                    return ServerConfig(
-                        configType = configType,
-                        outboundBean = V2rayConfig.OutboundBean(
-                            protocol = configType.name.lowercase(),
-                            settings = V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(
-                                secretKey = "",
-                                peers = listOf(V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.WireGuardBean())
-                            )
-                        )
-                    )
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fun getProxyOutbound(): V2rayConfig.OutboundBean? {
-        if (configType != EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
-            return outboundBean
-        }
-        return fullConfig?.getProxyOutbound()
-    }
-
-    fun getAllOutboundTags(): MutableList<String> {
-        if (configType != EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
-            return mutableListOf(TAG_PROXY, TAG_DIRECT, TAG_BLOCKED)
-        }
-        fullConfig?.let { config ->
-            return config.outbounds.map { it.tag }.toMutableList()
-        }
-        return mutableListOf()
-    }
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class SubscriptionCache(
+    val guid: String,
+    val subscription: SubscriptionItem
+)
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ data class SubscriptionItem(
    val addedTime: Long = System.currentTimeMillis(),
    var lastUpdated: Long = -1,
    var autoUpdate: Boolean = false,
-    val updateInterval: Int? = null,
+    var updateInterval: Long = 1440, // in minutes, default to 24 hours
    var prevProfile: String? = null,
    var nextProfile: String? = null,
    var filter: String? = null,
    var allowInsecureUrl: Boolean = false,
+    var userAgent: String? = null,
 )

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+/**
+ * Result of subscription update operation
+ */
+data class SubscriptionUpdateResult(
+    val configCount: Int = 0,      // Total configs updated
+    val successCount: Int = 0,     // Subscriptions updated successfully
+    val failureCount: Int = 0,     // Subscriptions failed to update
+    val skipCount: Int = 0         // Subscriptions skipped (disabled)
+) {
+    /**
+     * Combine two results by adding their counts
+     */
+    operator fun plus(other: SubscriptionUpdateResult): SubscriptionUpdateResult {
+        return SubscriptionUpdateResult(
+            configCount = this.configCount + other.configCount,
+            successCount = this.successCount + other.successCount,
+            failureCount = this.failureCount + other.failureCount,
+            skipCount = this.skipCount + other.skipCount
+        )
+    }
+}
+
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+import java.io.Serializable
+
+data class TestServiceMessage(
+    val key: Int,
+    val subscriptionId: String = "",
+    val serverGuids: List<String> = emptyList()
+) : Serializable
+
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.dto

 import com.google.gson.annotations.SerializedName
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType

 data class V2rayConfig(
    var remarks: String? = null,
@@ -31,23 +31,29 @@ data class V2rayConfig(

    data class InboundBean(
        var tag: String,
-        var port: Int,
+        var port: Int?,
        var protocol: String,
        var listen: String? = null,
-        val settings: Any? = null,
-        val sniffing: SniffingBean? = null,
+        var settings: InSettingsBean? = null,
+        var sniffing: SniffingBean? = null,
        val streamSettings: Any? = null,
        val allocate: Any? = null
    ) {

        data class InSettingsBean(
-            val auth: String? = null,
-            val udp: Boolean? = null,
-            val userLevel: Int? = null,
-            val address: String? = null,
-            val port: Int? = null,
-            val network: String? = null
-        )
+            var auth: String? = null,
+            var udp: Boolean? = null,
+            var userLevel: Int? = null,
+            var accounts: List<SocksAccountBean>? = null,
+            var name: String? = null,
+
+            var mtu: Int? = null
+        ) {
+            data class SocksAccountBean(
+                var user: String = "",
+                var pass: String = ""
+            )
+        }

        data class SniffingBean(
            var enabled: Boolean,
@@ -68,15 +74,13 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
    ) {
        data class OutSettingsBean(
            var vnext: List<VnextBean>? = null,
-            var fragment: FragmentBean? = null,
-            var noises: List<NoiseBean>? = null,
            var servers: List<ServersBean>? = null,
            /*Blackhole*/
            var response: Response? = null,
            /*DNS*/
            val network: String? = null,
            var address: Any? = null,
-            val port: Int? = null,
+            var port: Int? = null,
            /*Freedom*/
            var domainStrategy: String? = null,
            val redirect: String? = null,
@@ -89,6 +93,7 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
            var reserved: List<Int>? = null,
            var mtu: Int? = null,
            var obfsPassword: String? = null,
+            var version: Int? = null,
        ) {

            data class VnextBean(
@@ -107,18 +112,6 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                )
            }

-            data class FragmentBean(
-                var packets: String? = null,
-                var length: String? = null,
-                var interval: String? = null
-            )
-
-            data class NoiseBean(
-                var type: String? = null,
-                var packet: String? = null,
-                var delay: String? = null
-            )
-
            data class ServersBean(
                var address: String = "",
                var method: String? = null,
@@ -160,7 +153,8 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
            var quicSettings: QuicSettingBean? = null,
            var realitySettings: TlsSettingsBean? = null,
            var grpcSettings: GrpcSettingsBean? = null,
-            var hy2steriaSettings: Hy2steriaSettingsBean? = null,
+            var hysteriaSettings: HysteriaSettingsBean? = null,
+            var finalmask: Any? = null,
            val dsSettings: Any? = null,
            var sockopt: SockoptBean? = null
        ) {
@@ -200,15 +194,8 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                var downlinkCapacity: Int = 100,
                var congestion: Boolean = false,
                var readBufferSize: Int = 1,
-                var writeBufferSize: Int = 1,
-                var header: HeaderBean = HeaderBean(),
-                var seed: String? = null
-            ) {
-                data class HeaderBean(
-                    var type: String = "none",
-                    var domain: String? = null
-                )
-            }
+                var writeBufferSize: Int = 1
+            )

            data class WsSettingsBean(
                var path: String? = null,
@@ -245,7 +232,15 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                var tproxy: String? = null,
                var mark: Int? = null,
                var dialerProxy: String? = null,
-                var domainStrategy: String? = null
+                var domainStrategy: String? = null,
+                var happyEyeballs: HappyEyeballsBean? = null,
+            )
+
+            data class HappyEyeballsBean(
+                var prioritizeIPv6: Boolean? = null,
+                var maxConcurrentTry: Int? = 4,
+                var tryDelayMs: Int? = 250, // ms
+                var interleave: Int? = null,
            )

            data class TlsSettingsBean(
@@ -260,11 +255,14 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                val certificates: List<Any>? = null,
                val disableSystemRoot: Boolean? = null,
                val enableSessionResumption: Boolean? = null,
+                var echConfigList: String? = null,
+                var pinnedPeerCertSha256: String? = null,
                // REALITY settings
                val show: Boolean = false,
                var publicKey: String? = null,
                var shortId: String? = null,
-                var spiderX: String? = null
+                var spiderX: String? = null,
+                var mldsa65Verify: String? = null
            )

            data class QuicSettingBean(
@@ -283,18 +281,56 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                var health_check_timeout: Int? = null
            )

-            data class Hy2steriaSettingsBean(
-                var password: String? = null,
-                var use_udp_extension: Boolean? = true,
-                var congestion: Hy2CongestionBean? = null
-            ) {
-                data class Hy2CongestionBean(
-                    var type: String? = "bbr",
-                    var up_mbps: Int? = null,
-                    var down_mbps: Int? = null,
-                )
-            }
+            data class HysteriaSettingsBean(
+                var version: Int,
+                var auth: String? = null
+            )

+            //https://xtls.github.io/config/transport.html#finalmaskobject
+            data class FinalMaskBean(
+                var tcp: List<MaskBean>? = null,
+                var udp: List<MaskBean>? = null,
+                var quicParams: QuicParamsBean? = null
+            ) {
+                data class MaskBean(
+                    var type: String,
+                    var settings: MaskSettingsBean? = null
+                ) {
+                    data class MaskSettingsBean(
+                        val password: String? = null,
+                        val domain: String? = null,
+                        // fragment
+                        val packets: String? = null,
+                        val length: String? = null,
+                        val delay: String? = null,
+                        // val maxSplit: String? = null,
+                        // noise
+                        val reset: Int? = null,
+                        val noise: List<NoiseMaskBean>? = null
+                    ) {
+                        data class NoiseMaskBean(
+                            val rand: String? = null,
+                            // val randRange: String? = null,
+                            // val type: String? = null,
+                            // val packet: String? = null,
+                            val delay: String? = null,
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+
+                data class QuicParamsBean(
+                    var congestion: String? = null,
+                    var brutalUp: String? = null,
+                    var brutalDown: String? = null,
+                    var udpHop: UdpHopBean? = null,
+                ) {
+                    // Nested data class for the udpHop JSON object
+                    data class UdpHopBean(
+                        var ports: String? = null,
+                        var interval: String? = null
+                    )
+                }
+            }
        }

        data class MuxBean(
@@ -313,11 +349,14 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.SOCKS.name, true)
                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HTTP.name, true)
                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.TROJAN.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
            ) {
                return settings?.servers?.first()?.address
            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
                return settings?.peers?.first()?.endpoint?.substringBeforeLast(":")
+            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name, true)
+            ) {
+                return settings?.address as String?
            }
            return null
        }
@@ -331,142 +370,24 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.SOCKS.name, true)
                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HTTP.name, true)
                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.TROJAN.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
            ) {
                return settings?.servers?.first()?.port
            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
                return settings?.peers?.first()?.endpoint?.substringAfterLast(":")?.toInt()
+            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name, true)
+            ) {
+                return settings?.port
            }
            return null
        }

-        fun getServerAddressAndPort(): String {
-            val address = getServerAddress().orEmpty()
-            val port = getServerPort()
-            return Utils.getIpv6Address(address) + ":" + port
-        }
-
-        fun getPassword(): String? {
-            if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.VMESS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.VLESS.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.vnext?.first()?.users?.first()?.id
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.TROJAN.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.servers?.first()?.password
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.SOCKS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HTTP.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.servers?.first()?.users?.first()?.pass
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
-                return settings?.secretKey
-            }
-            return null
-        }
-
-        fun getSecurityEncryption(): String? {
-            return when {
-                protocol.equals(EConfigType.VMESS.name, true) -> settings?.vnext?.first()?.users?.first()?.security
-                protocol.equals(EConfigType.VLESS.name, true) -> settings?.vnext?.first()?.users?.first()?.encryption
-                protocol.equals(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.name, true) -> settings?.servers?.first()?.method
-                else -> null
-            }
-        }
-
-        fun getTransportSettingDetails(): List<String?>? {
-            if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.VMESS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.VLESS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.TROJAN.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.name, true)
-            ) {
-                val transport = streamSettings?.network ?: return null
-                return when (transport) {
-                    NetworkType.TCP.type -> {
-                        val tcpSetting = streamSettings?.tcpSettings ?: return null
-                        listOf(
-                            tcpSetting.header.type,
-                            tcpSetting.header.request?.headers?.Host?.joinToString(",").orEmpty(),
-                            tcpSetting.header.request?.path?.joinToString(",").orEmpty()
-                        )
-                    }
-
-                    NetworkType.KCP.type -> {
-                        val kcpSetting = streamSettings?.kcpSettings ?: return null
-                        listOf(
-                            kcpSetting.header.type,
-                            "",
-                            kcpSetting.seed.orEmpty()
-                        )
-                    }
-
-                    NetworkType.WS.type -> {
-                        val wsSetting = streamSettings?.wsSettings ?: return null
-                        listOf(
-                            "",
-                            wsSetting.headers.Host,
-                            wsSetting.path
-                        )
-                    }
-
-                    NetworkType.HTTP_UPGRADE.type -> {
-                        val httpupgradeSetting = streamSettings?.httpupgradeSettings ?: return null
-                        listOf(
-                            "",
-                            httpupgradeSetting.host,
-                            httpupgradeSetting.path
-                        )
-                    }
-
-                    NetworkType.XHTTP.type -> {
-                        val xhttpSettings = streamSettings?.xhttpSettings ?: return null
-                        listOf(
-                            "",
-                            xhttpSettings.host,
-                            xhttpSettings.path
-                        )
-                    }
-
-                    NetworkType.H2.type -> {
-                        val h2Setting = streamSettings?.httpSettings ?: return null
-                        listOf(
-                            "",
-                            h2Setting.host.joinToString(","),
-                            h2Setting.path
-                        )
-                    }
-
-//                    "quic" -> {
-//                        val quicSetting = streamSettings?.quicSettings ?: return null
-//                        listOf(
-//                            quicSetting.header.type,
-//                            quicSetting.security,
-//                            quicSetting.key
-//                        )
-//                    }
-
-                    NetworkType.GRPC.type -> {
-                        val grpcSetting = streamSettings?.grpcSettings ?: return null
-                        listOf(
-                            if (grpcSetting.multiMode == true) "multi" else "gun",
-                            grpcSetting.authority.orEmpty(),
-                            grpcSetting.serviceName
-                        )
-                    }
-
-                    else -> null
-                }
-            }
-            return null
-        }
-
-        fun ensureSockopt(): V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.SockoptBean {
-            val stream = streamSettings ?: V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean().also {
+        fun ensureSockopt(): StreamSettingsBean.SockoptBean {
+            val stream = streamSettings ?: StreamSettingsBean().also {
                streamSettings = it
            }

-            val sockopt = stream.sockopt ?: V2rayConfig.OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.SockoptBean().also {
+            val sockopt = stream.sockopt ?: StreamSettingsBean.SockoptBean().also {
                stream.sockopt = it
            }

@@ -480,6 +401,7 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        val clientIp: String? = null,
        val disableCache: Boolean? = null,
        val queryStrategy: String? = null,
+        val enableParallelQuery: Boolean? = null,
        val tag: String? = null
    ) {
        data class ServersBean(
@@ -489,6 +411,7 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
            var expectIPs: List<String>? = null,
            val clientIp: String? = null,
            val skipFallback: Boolean? = null,
+            val tag: String? = null,
        )
    }

@@ -496,14 +419,15 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        var domainStrategy: String,
        var domainMatcher: String? = null,
        var rules: ArrayList<RulesBean>,
-        val balancers: List<Any>? = null
+        var balancers: List<BalancerBean>? = null
    ) {

        data class RulesBean(
            var type: String = "field",
-            var ip: ArrayList<String>? = null,
-            var domain: ArrayList<String>? = null,
-            var outboundTag: String = "",
+            var ip: List<String>? = null,
+            var domain: List<String>? = null,
+            var process: List<String>? = null,
+            var outboundTag: String? = null,
            var balancerTag: String? = null,
            var port: String? = null,
            val sourcePort: String? = null,
@@ -515,6 +439,32 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
            val attrs: String? = null,
            val domainMatcher: String? = null
        )
+
+        data class BalancerBean(
+            val tag: String,
+            val selector: List<String>,
+            val fallbackTag: String? = null,
+            val strategy: StrategyObject? = null
+        )
+
+        data class StrategyObject(
+            val type: String = "random", // "random" | "roundRobin" | "leastPing" | "leastLoad"
+            val settings: StrategySettingsObject? = null
+        )
+
+        data class StrategySettingsObject(
+            val expected: Int? = null,
+            val maxRTT: String? = null,
+            val tolerance: Double? = null,
+            val baselines: List<String>? = null,
+            val costs: List<CostObject>? = null
+        )
+
+        data class CostObject(
+            val regexp: Boolean = false,
+            val match: String,
+            val value: Double
+        )
    }

    data class PolicyBean(
@@ -532,6 +482,26 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        )
    }

+    data class ObservatoryObject(
+        val subjectSelector: List<String>,
+        val probeUrl: String,
+        val probeInterval: String,
+        val enableConcurrency: Boolean = false
+    )
+
+    data class BurstObservatoryObject(
+        val subjectSelector: List<String>,
+        val pingConfig: PingConfigObject
+    ) {
+        data class PingConfigObject(
+            val destination: String,
+            val connectivity: String? = null,
+            val interval: String,
+            val sampling: Int,
+            val timeout: String? = null
+        )
+    }
+
    data class FakednsBean(
        var ipPool: String = "198.18.0.0/15",
        var poolSize: Int = 10000
@@ -15,5 +15,6 @@ data class VmessQRCode(
    var tls: String = "",
    var sni: String = "",
    var alpn: String = "",
-    var fp: String = ""
+    var fp: String = "",
+    var insecure: String = ""
 )
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class WebDavConfig(
+    val baseUrl: String,
+    val username: String? = null,
+    val password: String? = null,
+    val remoteBasePath: String = "/",
+    val timeoutSeconds: Long = 30
+)
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+/** Runtime type used during config assembly only. */
+enum class CoreResolvedType {
+    NORMAL,
+    POLICYGROUP,
+    PROXYCHAIN,
+    CUSTOM,
+}
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig

-
 enum class EConfigType(val value: Int, val protocolScheme: String) {
    VMESS(1, AppConfig.VMESS),
    CUSTOM(2, AppConfig.CUSTOM),
@@ -14,9 +13,12 @@ enum class EConfigType(val value: Int, val protocolScheme: String) {

    //    TUIC(8, AppConfig.TUIC),
    HYSTERIA2(9, AppConfig.HYSTERIA2),
-    HTTP(10, AppConfig.HTTP);
+    HYSTERIA(900, AppConfig.HYSTERIA),
+    HTTP(10, AppConfig.HTTP),
+    POLICYGROUP(101, AppConfig.CUSTOM),
+    PROXYCHAIN(102, AppConfig.CUSTOM);

    companion object {
        fun fromInt(value: Int) = entries.firstOrNull { it.value == value }
    }
-}
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums

 enum class Language(val code: String) {
    AUTO("auto"),
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums

 enum class NetworkType(val type: String) {
    TCP("tcp"),
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ enum class NetworkType(val type: String) {
    H2("h2"),

    //QUIC("quic"),
-    GRPC("grpc");
+    GRPC("grpc"),
+    HYSTERIA("hysteria");

    companion object {
        fun fromString(type: String?) = entries.find { it.type == type } ?: TCP
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+/**
+ * Enum defining different notification channels.
+ * Each channel has a unique channelId, notificationId, and display name.
+ */
+enum class NotificationChannelType(
+    val channelId: String,
+    val channelName: String,
+    val notificationId: Int
+) {
+    SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE(
+        channelId = "subscription_update_channel",
+        channelName = "Subscription Update Service",
+        notificationId = 13
+    ),
+    CORE_TEST(
+        channelId = "core_test_channel",
+        channelName = "Core Test Service",
+        notificationId = 12
+    )
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+import android.Manifest
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
+
+/**
+ * Permission types used in the app, handling API level differences.
+ */
+enum class PermissionType {
+    /** Camera permission (used for scanning QR codes) */
+    CAMERA {
+        override fun getPermission(): String = Manifest.permission.CAMERA
+    },
+
+    /** Read storage / media permission (adapts to Android version) */
+    READ_STORAGE {
+        override fun getPermission(): String {
+            return if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
+                Manifest.permission.READ_MEDIA_IMAGES
+            } else {
+                Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
+            }
+        }
+    },
+
+    /** Notification permission (Android 13+) */
+    POST_NOTIFICATIONS {
+        @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+        override fun getPermission(): String = Manifest.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS
+    };
+
+    /** Return the actual Android permission string */
+    abstract fun getPermission(): String
+
+    /** Return a human-readable label for the permission */
+    fun getLabel(): String {
+        return when (this) {
+            CAMERA -> "Camera"
+            READ_STORAGE -> "Storage"
+            POST_NOTIFICATIONS -> "Notification"
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums

 enum class RoutingType(val fileName: String) {
    WHITE("custom_routing_white"),
    BLACK("custom_routing_black"),
    GLOBAL("custom_routing_global"),
-    WHITE_IRAN("custom_routing_white_iran");
+    WHITE_IRAN("custom_routing_white_iran"),
+    WHITE_RUSSIA("custom_routing_white_russia");

    companion object {
        fun fromIndex(index: Int): RoutingType {
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ enum class RoutingType(val fileName: String) {
                1 -> BLACK
                2 -> GLOBAL
                3 -> WHITE_IRAN
+                4 -> WHITE_RUSSIA
                else -> WHITE
            }
        }
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+/**
+ * VPN interface address configuration enum class
+ * Defines predefined IPv4 and IPv6 address pairs for VPN TUN interface configuration.
+ * Each option provides client and router addresses to establish point-to-point VPN tunnels.
+ */
+enum class VpnInterfaceAddressConfig(
+    val displayName: String,
+    val ipv4Client: String,
+    val ipv4Router: String,
+    val ipv6Client: String,
+    val ipv6Router: String
+) {
+    OPTION_1("10.10.14.x", "10.10.14.1", "10.10.14.2", "fc00::10:10:14:1", "fc00::10:10:14:2"),
+    OPTION_2("10.1.0.x", "10.1.0.1", "10.1.0.2", "fc00::10:1:0:1", "fc00::10:1:0:2"),
+    OPTION_3("10.0.0.x", "10.0.0.1", "10.0.0.2", "fc00::10:0:0:1", "fc00::10:0:0:2"),
+    OPTION_4("172.31.0.x", "172.31.0.1", "172.31.0.2", "fc00::172:31:0:1", "fc00::172:31:0:2"),
+    OPTION_5("172.20.0.x", "172.20.0.1", "172.20.0.2", "fc00::172:20:0:1", "fc00::172:20:0:2"),
+    OPTION_6("172.16.0.x", "172.16.0.1", "172.16.0.2", "fc00::172:16:0:1", "fc00::172:16:0:2"),
+    OPTION_7("192.168.100.x", "192.168.100.1", "192.168.100.2", "fc00::192:168:100:1", "fc00::192:168:100:2");
+
+    companion object {
+        /**
+         * Retrieves the VPN interface address configuration based on the specified index.
+         *
+         * @param index The configuration index (0-based) corresponding to user selection
+         * @return The VpnInterfaceAddressConfig instance at the specified index,
+         *         or OPTION_1 (default) if the index is out of bounds
+         */
+        fun getConfigByIndex(index: Int): VpnInterfaceAddressConfig {
+            return if (index in entries.toTypedArray().indices) {
+                entries[index]
+            } else {
+                OPTION_1 // Default to the first configuration
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -9,10 +9,9 @@ import android.os.Bundle
 import android.widget.Toast
 import com.v2ray.ang.AngApplication
 import es.dmoral.toasty.Toasty
-import org.json.JSONObject
 import java.io.Serializable
 import java.net.URI
-import java.net.URLConnection
+import java.util.Locale

 val Context.v2RayApplication: AngApplication?
    get() = applicationContext as? AngApplication
@@ -71,25 +70,6 @@ fun Context.toastError(message: CharSequence) {
    Toasty.error(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT, true).show()
 }

-
-/**
- * Puts a key-value pair into the JSONObject.
- *
- * @param pair The key-value pair to put.
- */
-fun JSONObject.putOpt(pair: Pair<String, Any?>) {
-    put(pair.first, pair.second)
-}
-
-/**
- * Puts multiple key-value pairs into the JSONObject.
- *
- * @param pairs The map of key-value pairs to put.
- */
-fun JSONObject.putOpt(pairs: Map<String, Any?>) {
-    pairs.forEach { put(it.key, it.value) }
-}
-
 const val THRESHOLD = 1000L
 const val DIVISOR = 1024.0

@@ -113,16 +93,9 @@ fun Long.toTrafficString(): String {
        size /= DIVISOR
        unitIndex++
    }
-    return String.format("%.1f %s", size, units[unitIndex])
+    return String.format(Locale.getDefault(), "%.1f %s", size, units[unitIndex])
 }

-val URLConnection.responseLength: Long
-    get() = if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.N) {
-        contentLengthLong
-    } else {
-        contentLength.toLong()
-    }
-
 val URI.idnHost: String
    get() = host?.replace("[", "")?.replace("]", "").orEmpty()

@@ -133,6 +106,13 @@ val URI.idnHost: String
 */
 fun String?.removeWhiteSpace(): String? = this?.replace(" ", "")

+/**
+ * Returns null if the string is null or blank, otherwise returns the string itself.
+ *
+ * @return The string or null.
+ */
+fun String?.nullIfBlank(): String? = this?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+
 /**
 * Converts the string to a Long value, or returns 0 if the conversion fails.
 *
@@ -196,7 +176,7 @@ inline fun <reified T : Serializable> Intent.serializable(key: String): T? = whe
 *
 * @return True if the CharSequence is not null and not empty, false otherwise.
 */
-fun CharSequence?.isNotNullEmpty(): Boolean = this != null && this.isNotEmpty()
+fun CharSequence?.isNotNullEmpty(): Boolean = !this.isNullOrBlank()

 fun String.concatUrl(vararg paths: String): String {
    val builder = StringBuilder(this.trimEnd('/'))
@@ -209,4 +189,15 @@ fun String.concatUrl(vararg paths: String): String {
    }

    return builder.toString()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Helper function to match text either by Regex or literal string.
+ */
+fun String.matchesPattern(regex: Regex?, keyword: String?, ignoreCase: Boolean = true): Boolean {
+    if (keyword.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+        return true
+    }
+    return regex?.containsMatchIn(this)
+        ?: this.contains(keyword, ignoreCase = ignoreCase)
 }
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil

 object CustomFmt : FmtBase() {
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ object CustomFmt : FmtBase() {
     * @param str the JSON string to parse
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
-    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem? {
+    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem {
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.CUSTOM)

        val fullConfig = JsonUtil.fromJson(str, V2rayConfig::class.java)
-        val outbound = fullConfig.getProxyOutbound()
+        val outbound = fullConfig?.getProxyOutbound()

        config.remarks = fullConfig?.remarks ?: System.currentTimeMillis().toString()
        config.server = outbound?.getServerAddress()
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -20,17 +22,17 @@ open class FmtBase {
        val query = if (dicQuery != null)
            "?" + dicQuery.toList().joinToString(
                separator = "&",
-                transform = { it.first + "=" + Utils.urlEncode(it.second) })
+                transform = { it.first + "=" + Utils.encodeURIComponent(it.second) })
        else ""

        val url = String.format(
            "%s@%s:%s",
-            Utils.urlEncode(userInfo ?: ""),
-            Utils.getIpv6Address(config.server),
+            Utils.encodeURIComponent(userInfo ?: ""),
+            Utils.getIpv6Address(HttpUtil.toIdnDomain(config.server.orEmpty())),
            config.serverPort
        )

-        return "${url}${query}#${Utils.urlEncode(config.remarks)}"
+        return "${url}${query}#${Utils.encodeURIComponent(config.remarks)}"
    }

    /**
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ open class FmtBase {
     */
    fun getQueryParam(uri: URI): Map<String, String> {
        return uri.rawQuery.split("&")
-            .associate { it.split("=").let { (k, v) -> k to Utils.urlDecode(v) } }
+            .associate { it.split("=").let { (k, v) -> k to Utils.decodeURIComponent(v) } }
    }

    /**
@@ -58,6 +60,8 @@ open class FmtBase {
        config.path = queryParam["path"]

        config.seed = queryParam["seed"]
+        config.kcpMtu = queryParam["mtu"]?.toIntOrNull()
+        config.kcpTti = queryParam["tti"]?.toIntOrNull()
        config.quicSecurity = queryParam["quicSecurity"]
        config.quicKey = queryParam["key"]
        config.mode = queryParam["mode"]
@@ -65,22 +69,28 @@ open class FmtBase {
        config.authority = queryParam["authority"]
        config.xhttpMode = queryParam["mode"]
        config.xhttpExtra = queryParam["extra"]
+        config.finalMask = queryParam["fm"]

        config.security = queryParam["security"]
        if (config.security != AppConfig.TLS && config.security != AppConfig.REALITY) {
            config.security = null
        }
-        config.insecure = if (queryParam["allowInsecure"].isNullOrEmpty()) {
-            allowInsecure
-        } else {
-            queryParam["allowInsecure"].orEmpty() == "1"
+        // Support multiple possible query keys for allowInsecure like the C# implementation
+        val allowInsecureKeys = arrayOf("insecure", "allowInsecure", "allow_insecure")
+        config.insecure = when {
+            allowInsecureKeys.any { queryParam[it] == "1" } -> true
+            allowInsecureKeys.any { queryParam[it] == "0" } -> false
+            else -> allowInsecure
        }
        config.sni = queryParam["sni"]
        config.fingerPrint = queryParam["fp"]
        config.alpn = queryParam["alpn"]
+        config.echConfigList = queryParam["ech"]
+        config.pinnedCA256 = queryParam["pcs"]
        config.publicKey = queryParam["pbk"]
        config.shortId = queryParam["sid"]
        config.spiderX = queryParam["spx"]
+        config.mldsa65Verify = queryParam["pqv"]
        config.flow = queryParam["flow"]
    }

@@ -93,13 +103,25 @@ open class FmtBase {
    fun getQueryDic(config: ProfileItem): HashMap<String, String> {
        val dicQuery = HashMap<String, String>()
        dicQuery["security"] = config.security?.ifEmpty { "none" }.orEmpty()
-        config.sni.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["sni"] = it.orEmpty() }
-        config.alpn.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["alpn"] = it.orEmpty() }
-        config.fingerPrint.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["fp"] = it.orEmpty() }
-        config.publicKey.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["pbk"] = it.orEmpty() }
-        config.shortId.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["sid"] = it.orEmpty() }
-        config.spiderX.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["spx"] = it.orEmpty() }
-        config.flow.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["flow"] = it.orEmpty() }
+        config.sni?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["sni"] = it }
+        config.alpn?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["alpn"] = it }
+        config.echConfigList?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["ech"] = it }
+        config.pinnedCA256?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["pcs"] = it }
+        config.fingerPrint?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["fp"] = it }
+        config.publicKey?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["pbk"] = it }
+        config.shortId?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["sid"] = it }
+        config.spiderX?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["spx"] = it }
+        config.mldsa65Verify?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["pqv"] = it }
+        config.flow?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["flow"] = it }
+        config.finalMask?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["fm"] = it }
+        config.kcpMtu?.let { dicQuery["mtu"] = it.toString() }
+        config.kcpTti?.let { dicQuery["tti"] = it.toString() }
+        // Add two keys for compatibility: "insecure" and "allowInsecure"
+        if (config.security == AppConfig.TLS) {
+            val insecureFlag = if (config.insecure == true) "1" else "0"
+            dicQuery["insecure"] = insecureFlag
+            dicQuery["allowInsecure"] = insecureFlag
+        }

        val networkType = NetworkType.fromString(config.network)
        dicQuery["type"] = networkType.type
@@ -107,48 +129,47 @@ open class FmtBase {
        when (networkType) {
            NetworkType.TCP -> {
                dicQuery["headerType"] = config.headerType?.ifEmpty { "none" }.orEmpty()
-                config.host.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["host"] = it.orEmpty() }
+                config.host?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["host"] = it }
            }

            NetworkType.KCP -> {
                dicQuery["headerType"] = config.headerType?.ifEmpty { "none" }.orEmpty()
-                config.seed.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["seed"] = it.orEmpty() }
+                config.seed?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["seed"] = it }
            }

            NetworkType.WS, NetworkType.HTTP_UPGRADE -> {
-                config.host.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["host"] = it.orEmpty() }
-                config.path.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["path"] = it.orEmpty() }
+                config.host?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["host"] = it }
+                config.path?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["path"] = it }
            }

            NetworkType.XHTTP -> {
-                config.host.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["host"] = it.orEmpty() }
-                config.path.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["path"] = it.orEmpty() }
-                config.xhttpMode.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["mode"] = it.orEmpty() }
-                config.xhttpExtra.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["extra"] = it.orEmpty() }
+                config.host?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["host"] = it }
+                config.path?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["path"] = it }
+                config.xhttpMode?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["mode"] = it }
+                config.xhttpExtra?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["extra"] = it }
            }

            NetworkType.HTTP, NetworkType.H2 -> {
                dicQuery["type"] = "http"
-                config.host.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["host"] = it.orEmpty() }
-                config.path.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["path"] = it.orEmpty() }
+                config.host?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["host"] = it }
+                config.path?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["path"] = it }
            }

 //            NetworkType.QUIC -> {
 //                dicQuery["headerType"] = config.headerType?.ifEmpty { "none" }.orEmpty()
-//                config.quicSecurity.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["quicSecurity"] = it.orEmpty() }
-//                config.quicKey.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["key"] = it.orEmpty() }
+//                config.quicSecurity?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["quicSecurity"] = it }
+//                config.quicKey?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["key"] = it }
 //            }

            NetworkType.GRPC -> {
-                config.mode.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["mode"] = it.orEmpty() }
-                config.authority.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["authority"] = it.orEmpty() }
-                config.serviceName.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["serviceName"] = it.orEmpty() }
+                config.mode?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["mode"] = it }
+                config.authority?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["authority"] = it }
+                config.serviceName?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["serviceName"] = it }
            }
+
+            else -> {}
        }

        return dicQuery
    }
-
-
-
 }
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.fmt
-
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
-
-object HttpFmt : FmtBase() {
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HTTP)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = profileItem.server.orEmpty()
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
-                val socksUsersBean = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.ServersBean.SocksUsersBean()
-                socksUsersBean.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
-                socksUsersBean.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-                server.users = listOf(socksUsersBean)
-            }
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
-}
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.LOOPBACK
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.Hysteria2Bean
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -20,32 +18,30 @@ object Hysteria2Fmt : FmtBase() {
     * @param str the Hysteria2 URI string to parse
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
-    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem? {
+    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem {
        var allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2)

        val uri = URI(Utils.fixIllegalUrl(str))
-        config.remarks = Utils.urlDecode(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { if (it.isEmpty()) "none" else it }
+        config.remarks = Utils.decodeURIComponent(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { it.ifEmpty { "none" } }
        config.server = uri.idnHost
        config.serverPort = uri.port.toString()
        config.password = uri.userInfo
        config.security = AppConfig.TLS
+        config.network = NetworkType.HYSTERIA.type

        if (!uri.rawQuery.isNullOrEmpty()) {
            val queryParam = getQueryParam(uri)

-            config.security = queryParam["security"] ?: AppConfig.TLS
-            config.insecure = if (queryParam["insecure"].isNullOrEmpty()) {
-                allowInsecure
-            } else {
-                queryParam["insecure"].orEmpty() == "1"
-            }
-            config.sni = queryParam["sni"]
-            config.alpn = queryParam["alpn"]
+            getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam, allowInsecure)

+            config.security = queryParam["security"] ?: AppConfig.TLS
            config.obfsPassword = queryParam["obfs-password"]
            config.portHopping = queryParam["mport"]
-            config.pinSHA256 = queryParam["pinSHA256"]
+            if (config.portHopping.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                config.portHoppingInterval = queryParam["mportHopInt"]
+            }
+            config.pinnedCA256 = queryParam["pinSHA256"]

        }

@@ -62,8 +58,8 @@ object Hysteria2Fmt : FmtBase() {
        val dicQuery = HashMap<String, String>()

        config.security.let { if (it != null) dicQuery["security"] = it }
-        config.sni.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["sni"] = it.orEmpty() }
-        config.alpn.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) dicQuery["alpn"] = it.orEmpty() }
+        config.sni?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["sni"] = it }
+        config.alpn?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["alpn"] = it }
        config.insecure.let { dicQuery["insecure"] = if (it == true) "1" else "0" }

        if (config.obfsPassword.isNotNullEmpty()) {
@@ -73,79 +69,43 @@ object Hysteria2Fmt : FmtBase() {
        if (config.portHopping.isNotNullEmpty()) {
            dicQuery["mport"] = config.portHopping.orEmpty()
        }
-        if (config.pinSHA256.isNotNullEmpty()) {
-            dicQuery["pinSHA256"] = config.pinSHA256.orEmpty()
+        if (config.portHoppingInterval.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+            val rawInterval = config.portHoppingInterval?.trim().nullIfBlank()
+            val interval = if (rawInterval == null) {
+                null
+            } else {
+                val singleValue = rawInterval.toIntOrNull()
+                if (singleValue != null) {
+                    if (singleValue < 5) {
+                        null
+                    } else {
+                        rawInterval
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    val parts = rawInterval.split('-')
+                    if (parts.size == 2) {
+                        val start = parts[0].trim().toIntOrNull()
+                        val end = parts[1].trim().toIntOrNull()
+                        if (start != null && end != null) {
+                            val minStart = maxOf(5, start)
+                            val minEnd = maxOf(minStart, end)
+                            (minStart + minEnd) / 2
+                        } else {
+                            null
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        null
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (interval != null) {
+                dicQuery["mportHopInt"] = interval.toString()
+            }
+        }
+        if (config.pinnedCA256.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+            dicQuery["pinSHA256"] = config.pinnedCA256.orEmpty()
        }

        return toUri(config, config.password, dicQuery)
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to a Hysteria2Bean object.
-     *
-     * @param config the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @param socksPort the port number for the socks5 proxy
-     * @return the converted Hysteria2Bean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toNativeConfig(config: ProfileItem, socksPort: Int): Hysteria2Bean? {
-
-        val obfs = if (config.obfsPassword.isNullOrEmpty()) null else
-            Hysteria2Bean.ObfsBean(
-                type = "salamander",
-                salamander = Hysteria2Bean.ObfsBean.SalamanderBean(
-                    password = config.obfsPassword
-                )
-            )
-
-        val transport = if (config.portHopping.isNullOrEmpty()) null else
-            Hysteria2Bean.TransportBean(
-                type = "udp",
-                udp = Hysteria2Bean.TransportBean.TransportUdpBean(
-                    hopInterval = (config.portHoppingInterval ?: "30") + "s"
-                )
-            )
-
-        val bandwidth = if (config.bandwidthDown.isNullOrEmpty() || config.bandwidthUp.isNullOrEmpty()) null else
-            Hysteria2Bean.BandwidthBean(
-                down = config.bandwidthDown,
-                up = config.bandwidthUp,
-            )
-
-        val server =
-            if (config.portHopping.isNullOrEmpty())
-                config.getServerAddressAndPort()
-            else
-                Utils.getIpv6Address(config.server) + ":" + config.portHopping
-
-        val bean = Hysteria2Bean(
-            server = server,
-            auth = config.password,
-            obfs = obfs,
-            transport = transport,
-            bandwidth = bandwidth,
-            socks5 = Hysteria2Bean.Socks5Bean(
-                listen = "$LOOPBACK:${socksPort}",
-            ),
-            http = Hysteria2Bean.Socks5Bean(
-                listen = "$LOOPBACK:${socksPort}",
-            ),
-            tls = Hysteria2Bean.TlsBean(
-                sni = config.sni ?: config.server,
-                insecure = config.insecure,
-                pinSHA256 = if (config.pinSHA256.isNullOrEmpty()) null else config.pinSHA256
-            )
-        )
-        return bean
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2)
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

-import android.util.Log
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ object ShadowsocksFmt : FmtBase() {
        if (uri.port <= 0) return null
        if (uri.userInfo.isNullOrEmpty()) return null

-        config.remarks = Utils.urlDecode(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { if (it.isEmpty()) "none" else it }
+        config.remarks = Utils.decodeURIComponent(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { it.ifEmpty { "none" } }
        config.server = uri.idnHost
        config.serverPort = uri.port.toString()

@@ -83,9 +81,9 @@ object ShadowsocksFmt : FmtBase() {
        if (indexSplit > 0) {
            try {
                config.remarks =
-                    Utils.urlDecode(result.substring(indexSplit + 1, result.length))
+                    Utils.decodeURIComponent(result.substring(indexSplit + 1, result.length))
            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to decode remarks in SS legacy URL", e)
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to decode remarks in SS legacy URL", e)
            }

            result = result.substring(0, indexSplit)
@@ -122,33 +120,6 @@ object ShadowsocksFmt : FmtBase() {
    fun toUri(config: ProfileItem): String {
        val pw = "${config.method}:${config.password}"

-        return toUri(config, Utils.encode(pw), null)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = profileItem.server.orEmpty()
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            server.password = profileItem.password
-            server.method = profileItem.method
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
+        return toUri(config, Utils.encode(pw, true), null)
    }
 }
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ object SocksFmt : FmtBase() {
        if (uri.idnHost.isEmpty()) return null
        if (uri.port <= 0) return null

-        config.remarks = Utils.urlDecode(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { if (it.isEmpty()) "none" else it }
+        config.remarks = Utils.decodeURIComponent(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { it.ifEmpty { "none" } }
        config.server = uri.idnHost
        config.serverPort = uri.port.toString()

@@ -51,29 +49,6 @@ object SocksFmt : FmtBase() {
            else
                ":"

-        return toUri(config, Utils.encode(pw), null)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SOCKS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = profileItem.server.orEmpty()
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
-                val socksUsersBean = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.ServersBean.SocksUsersBean()
-                socksUsersBean.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
-                socksUsersBean.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-                server.users = listOf(socksUsersBean)
-            }
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
+        return toUri(config, Utils.encode(pw, true), null)
    }
 }
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -18,12 +16,12 @@ object TrojanFmt : FmtBase() {
     * @param str the Trojan URI string to parse
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
-    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem? {
+    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem {
        var allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.TROJAN)

        val uri = URI(Utils.fixIllegalUrl(str))
-        config.remarks = Utils.urlDecode(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { if (it.isEmpty()) "none" else it }
+        config.remarks = Utils.decodeURIComponent(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { it.ifEmpty { "none" } }
        config.server = uri.idnHost
        config.serverPort = uri.port.toString()
        config.password = uri.userInfo
@@ -53,31 +51,4 @@ object TrojanFmt : FmtBase() {

        return toUri(config, config.password, dicQuery)
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.TROJAN)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = profileItem.server.orEmpty()
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            server.password = profileItem.password
-            server.flow = profileItem.flow
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ object VlessFmt : FmtBase() {
        if (uri.rawQuery.isNullOrEmpty()) return null
        val queryParam = getQueryParam(uri)

-        config.remarks = Utils.urlDecode(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { if (it.isEmpty()) "none" else it }
+        config.remarks = Utils.decodeURIComponent(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { it.ifEmpty { "none" } }
        config.server = uri.idnHost
        config.serverPort = uri.port.toString()
        config.password = uri.userInfo
@@ -50,31 +48,4 @@ object VlessFmt : FmtBase() {
        return toUri(config, config.password, dicQuery)
    }

-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VLESS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.vnext?.first()?.let { vnext ->
-            vnext.address = profileItem.server.orEmpty()
-            vnext.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            vnext.users[0].id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-            vnext.users[0].encryption = profileItem.method
-            vnext.users[0].flow = profileItem.flow
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -1,18 +1,16 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import android.text.TextUtils
-import android.util.Log
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.VmessQRCode
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -28,23 +26,23 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
            return parseVmessStd(str)
        }

-        var allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
+        val allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.VMESS)

        var result = str.replace(EConfigType.VMESS.protocolScheme, "")
        result = Utils.decode(result)
        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(result)) {
-            Log.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Toast decoding failed")
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Toast decoding failed")
            return null
        }
-        val vmessQRCode = JsonUtil.fromJson(result, VmessQRCode::class.java)
+        val vmessQRCode = JsonUtil.fromJson(result, VmessQRCode::class.java) ?: return null
        // Although VmessQRCode fields are non null, looks like Gson may still create null fields
        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(vmessQRCode.add)
            || TextUtils.isEmpty(vmessQRCode.port)
            || TextUtils.isEmpty(vmessQRCode.id)
            || TextUtils.isEmpty(vmessQRCode.net)
        ) {
-            Log.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Toast incorrect protocol")
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Toast incorrect protocol")
            return null
        }

@@ -52,9 +50,13 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
        config.server = vmessQRCode.add
        config.serverPort = vmessQRCode.port
        config.password = vmessQRCode.id
-        config.method = if (TextUtils.isEmpty(vmessQRCode.scy)) AppConfig.DEFAULT_SECURITY else vmessQRCode.scy
+        config.method =
+            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(vmessQRCode.scy)) AppConfig.DEFAULT_SECURITY else vmessQRCode.scy

-        config.network = vmessQRCode.net ?: NetworkType.TCP.type
+        config.network = vmessQRCode.net
+        if (config.network.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            config.network = NetworkType.TCP.type
+        }
        config.headerType = vmessQRCode.type
        config.host = vmessQRCode.host
        config.path = vmessQRCode.path
@@ -79,11 +81,14 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
        }

        config.security = vmessQRCode.tls
-        config.insecure = allowInsecure
        config.sni = vmessQRCode.sni
        config.fingerPrint = vmessQRCode.fp
        config.alpn = vmessQRCode.alpn
-
+        config.insecure = when (vmessQRCode.insecure) {
+            "1" -> true
+            "0" -> false
+            else -> allowInsecure
+        }
        return config
    }

@@ -125,13 +130,18 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
            else -> {}
        }

-        config.host.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) vmessQRCode.host = it.orEmpty() }
-        config.path.let { if (it.isNotNullEmpty()) vmessQRCode.path = it.orEmpty() }
+        config.host?.nullIfBlank()?.let { vmessQRCode.host = it }
+        config.path?.nullIfBlank()?.let { vmessQRCode.path = it }

        vmessQRCode.tls = config.security.orEmpty()
        vmessQRCode.sni = config.sni.orEmpty()
        vmessQRCode.fp = config.fingerPrint.orEmpty()
        vmessQRCode.alpn = config.alpn.orEmpty()
+        vmessQRCode.insecure = when (config.insecure) {
+            true -> "1"
+            false -> "0"
+            else -> ""
+        }

        val json = JsonUtil.toJson(vmessQRCode)
        return Utils.encode(json)
@@ -151,7 +161,7 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
        if (uri.rawQuery.isNullOrEmpty()) return null
        val queryParam = getQueryParam(uri)

-        config.remarks = Utils.urlDecode(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { if (it.isEmpty()) "none" else it }
+        config.remarks = Utils.decodeURIComponent(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { it.ifEmpty { "none" } }
        config.server = uri.idnHost
        config.serverPort = uri.port.toString()
        config.password = uri.userInfo
@@ -162,31 +172,5 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
        return config
    }

-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VMESS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.vnext?.first()?.let { vnext ->
-            vnext.address = profileItem.server.orEmpty()
-            vnext.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            vnext.users[0].id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-            vnext.users[0].security = profileItem.method
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }

 }
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.removeWhiteSpace
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -25,14 +23,14 @@ object WireguardFmt : FmtBase() {
        if (uri.rawQuery.isNullOrEmpty()) return null
        val queryParam = getQueryParam(uri)

-        config.remarks = Utils.urlDecode(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { if (it.isEmpty()) "none" else it }
+        config.remarks = Utils.decodeURIComponent(uri.fragment.orEmpty()).let { it.ifEmpty { "none" } }
        config.server = uri.idnHost
        config.serverPort = uri.port.toString()

        config.secretKey = uri.userInfo.orEmpty()
-        config.localAddress = queryParam["address"] ?: WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
+        config.localAddress = queryParam["address"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
        config.publicKey = queryParam["publickey"].orEmpty()
-        config.preSharedKey = queryParam["presharedkey"]?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
+        config.preSharedKey = queryParam["presharedkey"]?.nullIfBlank()
        config.mtu = Utils.parseInt(queryParam["mtu"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_MTU)
        config.reserved = queryParam["reserved"] ?: "0,0,0"

@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ object WireguardFmt : FmtBase() {
     * @param str the Wireguard configuration file string to parse
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
-    fun parseWireguardConfFile(str: String): ProfileItem? {
+    fun parseWireguardConfFile(str: String): ProfileItem {
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.WIREGUARD)

        val interfaceParams: MutableMap<String, String> = mutableMapOf()
@@ -81,10 +79,10 @@ object WireguardFmt : FmtBase() {

        config.secretKey = interfaceParams["privatekey"].orEmpty()
        config.remarks = System.currentTimeMillis().toString()
-        config.localAddress = interfaceParams["address"] ?: WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
+        config.localAddress = interfaceParams["address"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
        config.mtu = Utils.parseInt(interfaceParams["mtu"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_MTU)
        config.publicKey = peerParams["publickey"].orEmpty()
-        config.preSharedKey = peerParams["presharedkey"]?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
+        config.preSharedKey = peerParams["presharedkey"]?.nullIfBlank()
        val endpoint = peerParams["endpoint"].orEmpty()
        val endpointParts = endpoint.split(":", limit = 2)
        if (endpointParts.size == 2) {
@@ -99,29 +97,6 @@ object WireguardFmt : FmtBase() {
        return config
    }

-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.WIREGUARD)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.let { wireguard ->
-            wireguard.secretKey = profileItem.secretKey
-            wireguard.address = (profileItem.localAddress ?: WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4).split(",")
-            wireguard.peers?.firstOrNull()?.let { peer ->
-                peer.publicKey = profileItem.publicKey.orEmpty()
-                peer.preSharedKey = profileItem.preSharedKey?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
-                peer.endpoint = Utils.getIpv6Address(profileItem.server) + ":${profileItem.serverPort}"
-            }
-            wireguard.mtu = profileItem.mtu
-            wireguard.reserved = profileItem.reserved?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }?.split(",")?.filter { it.isNotBlank() }?.map { it.trim().toInt() }
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }

    /**
     * Converts a ProfileItem object to a URI string.
@@ -3,13 +3,16 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.handler
 import android.content.Context
 import android.graphics.Bitmap
 import android.text.TextUtils
-import android.util.Log
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.HY2
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionCache
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionUpdateResult
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.CustomFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.Hysteria2Fmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.ShadowsocksFmt
@@ -20,6 +23,7 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.VmessFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.WireguardFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.QRCodeDecoder
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI
@@ -44,7 +48,7 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            Utils.setClipboard(context, conf)

        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to share config to clipboard", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to share config to clipboard", e)
            return -1
        }
        return 0
@@ -71,9 +75,9 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            if (sb.count() > 0) {
                Utils.setClipboard(context, sb.toString())
            }
-            return sb.lines().count()
+            return sb.lines().count() - 1
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to share non-custom configs to clipboard", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to share non-custom configs to clipboard", e)
            return -1
        }
    }
@@ -93,7 +97,7 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            return QRCodeDecoder.createQRCode(conf)

        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to share config as QR code", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to share config as QR code", e)
            return null
        }
    }
@@ -108,21 +112,14 @@ object AngConfigManager {
    fun shareFullContent2Clipboard(context: Context, guid: String?): Int {
        try {
            if (guid == null) return -1
-            val result = V2rayConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(context, guid)
+            val result = CoreConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(context, guid)
            if (result.status) {
-                val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid)
-                if (config?.configType == EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) {
-                    val socksPort = Utils.findFreePort(listOf(100 + SettingsManager.getSocksPort(), 0))
-                    val hy2Config = Hysteria2Fmt.toNativeConfig(config, socksPort)
-                    Utils.setClipboard(context, JsonUtil.toJsonPretty(hy2Config) + "\n" + result.content)
-                    return 0
-                }
                Utils.setClipboard(context, result.content)
            } else {
                return -1
            }
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to share full content to clipboard", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to share full content to clipboard", e)
            return -1
        }
        return 0
@@ -140,17 +137,16 @@ object AngConfigManager {

            return config.configType.protocolScheme + when (config.configType) {
                EConfigType.VMESS -> VmessFmt.toUri(config)
-                EConfigType.CUSTOM -> ""
                EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS -> ShadowsocksFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.SOCKS -> SocksFmt.toUri(config)
-                EConfigType.HTTP -> ""
                EConfigType.VLESS -> VlessFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.TROJAN -> TrojanFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.WIREGUARD -> WireguardFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 -> Hysteria2Fmt.toUri(config)
+                else -> {}
            }
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to share config for GUID: $guid", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to share config for GUID: $guid", e)
            return ""
        }
    }
@@ -169,7 +165,7 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            count = parseBatchConfig(server, subid, append)
        }
        if (count <= 0) {
-            count = parseCustomConfigServer(server, subid)
+            count = parseCustomConfigServer(server, subid, append)
        }

        var countSub = parseBatchSubscription(server)
@@ -205,7 +201,7 @@ object AngConfigManager {
                }
            return count
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse batch subscription", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse batch subscription", e)
        }
        return 0
    }
@@ -223,49 +219,146 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            if (servers == null) {
                return 0
            }
-            val removedSelectedServer =
-                if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(subid) && !append) {
-                    MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(
-                        MmkvManager.getSelectServer().orEmpty()
-                    )?.let {
-                        if (it.subscriptionId == subid) {
-                            return@let it
-                        }
-                        return@let null
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    null
-                }
-            if (!append) {
-                MmkvManager.removeServerViaSubid(subid)
+            //  Find the currently selected server that matches the subscription ID
+            val removedSelected = if (subid.isNotBlank() && !append) {
+                MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
+                    .takeIf { it?.isNotBlank() == true }
+                    ?.let { MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(it) }
+                    ?.takeIf { it.subscriptionId == subid }
+            } else {
+                null
            }

            val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subid)
-            var count = 0
+
+            // Parse all configs first (no I/O during parsing)
+            val configs = mutableListOf<ProfileItem>()
            servers.lines()
                .distinct()
                .reversed()
                .forEach {
-                    val resId = parseConfig(it, subid, subItem, removedSelectedServer)
-                    if (resId == 0) {
-                        count++
+                    val config = parseConfig(it, subid, subItem)
+                    if (config != null) {
+                        configs.add(config)
                    }
                }
-            return count
+
+            // Batch save all parsed configs (only one serverList read/write)
+            if (configs.isNotEmpty()) {
+                if (!append) {
+                    MmkvManager.removeServerViaSubid(subid)
+                }
+                val keyToProfile = batchSaveConfigs(configs, subid)
+                val matchKey = findMatchedProfileKey(keyToProfile, removedSelected)
+                matchKey?.let { MmkvManager.setSelectServer(it) }
+            }
+
+            return configs.size
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse batch config", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse batch config", e)
        }
        return 0
    }

+    /**
+     * Batch save configurations to reduce serverList read/write operations.
+     * Reads serverList once, saves all configs, then writes serverList once.
+     *
+     * @param configs The list of ProfileItem to save.
+     * @param subid The subscription ID.
+     * @return Map of generated keys to their corresponding ProfileItem.
+     */
+    private fun batchSaveConfigs(configs: List<ProfileItem>, subid: String): Map<String, ProfileItem> {
+        val keyToProfile = mutableMapOf<String, ProfileItem>()
+
+        // Read serverList once
+        val serverList = MmkvManager.decodeServerList(subid)
+        var needSetSelected = MmkvManager.getSelectServer().isNullOrBlank()
+
+        configs.forEach { config ->
+            val key = Utils.getUuid()
+            // Save profile directly without updating serverList
+            MmkvManager.encodeProfileDirect(key, JsonUtil.toJson(config))
+
+            if (!serverList.contains(key)) {
+                serverList.add(0, key)
+                if (needSetSelected) {
+                    MmkvManager.setSelectServer(key)
+                    needSetSelected = false
+                }
+            }
+            keyToProfile[key] = config
+        }
+
+        // Write serverList once
+        MmkvManager.encodeServerList(serverList, subid)
+        return keyToProfile
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds a matched profile key from the given key-profile map using multi-level matching.
+     * Matching priority (from highest to lowest):
+     * 1. Exact match: server + port + password
+     * 2. Match by remarks (exact match)
+     * 3. Match by server + port
+     * 4. Match by server only
+     *
+     * @param keyToProfile Map of server keys to their ProfileItem
+     * @param target Target profile to match
+     * @return Matched key or null
+     */
+    private fun findMatchedProfileKey(keyToProfile: Map<String, ProfileItem>, target: ProfileItem?): String? {
+        if (keyToProfile.isEmpty() || target == null) return null
+
+        // Level 1: Match by remarks
+        if (target.remarks.isNotBlank()) {
+            keyToProfile.entries.firstOrNull { (_, saved) ->
+                isSameText(saved.remarks, target.remarks)
+            }?.key?.let { return it }
+        }
+
+        // Level 2: Exact match (server + port + password)
+        keyToProfile.entries.firstOrNull { (_, saved) ->
+            isSameText(saved.server, target.server) &&
+                    isSameText(saved.serverPort, target.serverPort) &&
+                    isSameText(saved.password, target.password)
+        }?.key?.let { return it }
+
+        // Level 3: Match by server + port
+        keyToProfile.entries.firstOrNull { (_, saved) ->
+            isSameText(saved.server, target.server) &&
+                    isSameText(saved.serverPort, target.serverPort)
+        }?.key?.let { return it }
+
+        // Level 4: Match by server only
+        keyToProfile.entries.firstOrNull { (_, saved) ->
+            isSameText(saved.server, target.server)
+        }?.key?.let { return it }
+
+        return null
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Case-insensitive trimmed string comparison.
+     *
+     * @param left First string
+     * @param right Second string
+     * @return True if both are non-empty and equal (case-insensitive, trimmed)
+     */
+    private fun isSameText(left: String?, right: String?): Boolean {
+        if (left.isNullOrBlank() || right.isNullOrBlank()) return false
+        return left.trim().equals(right.trim(), ignoreCase = true)
+    }
+
    /**
     * Parses a custom configuration server.
     *
     * @param server The server string.
     * @param subid The subscription ID.
+     * @param append Whether to append the configurations.
     * @return The number of configurations parsed.
     */
-    private fun parseCustomConfigServer(server: String?, subid: String): Int {
+    private fun parseCustomConfigServer(server: String?, subid: String, append: Boolean): Int {
        if (server == null) {
            return 0
        }
@@ -275,13 +368,17 @@ object AngConfigManager {
        ) {
            try {
                val serverList: Array<Any> =
-                    JsonUtil.fromJson(server, Array<Any>::class.java)
+                    JsonUtil.fromJson(server, Array<Any>::class.java) ?: arrayOf()

                if (serverList.isNotEmpty()) {
+                    if (!append) {
+                        MmkvManager.removeServerViaSubid(subid)
+                    }
                    var count = 0
                    for (srv in serverList.reversed()) {
                        val config = CustomFmt.parse(JsonUtil.toJson(srv)) ?: continue
                        config.subscriptionId = subid
+                        config.description = generateDescription(config)
                        val key = MmkvManager.encodeServerConfig("", config)
                        MmkvManager.encodeServerRaw(key, JsonUtil.toJsonPretty(srv) ?: "")
                        count += 1
@@ -289,28 +386,36 @@ object AngConfigManager {
                    return count
                }
            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse custom config server JSON array", e)
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse custom config server JSON array", e)
            }

            try {
                // For compatibility
                val config = CustomFmt.parse(server) ?: return 0
                config.subscriptionId = subid
+                config.description = generateDescription(config)
+                if (!append) {
+                    MmkvManager.removeServerViaSubid(subid)
+                }
                val key = MmkvManager.encodeServerConfig("", config)
                MmkvManager.encodeServerRaw(key, server)
                return 1
            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse custom config server as single config", e)
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse custom config server as single config", e)
            }
            return 0
        } else if (server.startsWith("[Interface]") && server.contains("[Peer]")) {
            try {
                val config = WireguardFmt.parseWireguardConfFile(server) ?: return R.string.toast_incorrect_protocol
+                config.description = generateDescription(config)
+                if (!append) {
+                    MmkvManager.removeServerViaSubid(subid)
+                }
                val key = MmkvManager.encodeServerConfig("", config)
                MmkvManager.encodeServerRaw(key, server)
                return 1
            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse WireGuard config file", e)
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse WireGuard config file", e)
            }
            return 0
        } else {
@@ -320,22 +425,21 @@ object AngConfigManager {

    /**
     * Parses the configuration from a QR code or string.
+     * Only parses and returns ProfileItem, does not save.
     *
     * @param str The configuration string.
     * @param subid The subscription ID.
     * @param subItem The subscription item.
-     * @param removedSelectedServer The removed selected server.
-     * @return The result code.
+     * @return The parsed ProfileItem or null if parsing fails or filtered out.
     */
    private fun parseConfig(
        str: String?,
        subid: String,
-        subItem: SubscriptionItem?,
-        removedSelectedServer: ProfileItem?
-    ): Int {
+        subItem: SubscriptionItem?
+    ): ProfileItem? {
        try {
            if (str == null || TextUtils.isEmpty(str)) {
-                return R.string.toast_none_data
+                return null
            }

            val config = if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.VMESS.protocolScheme)) {
@@ -357,97 +461,113 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            }

            if (config == null) {
-                return R.string.toast_incorrect_protocol
+                return null
            }
-            //filter
-            if (subItem?.filter != null && subItem.filter?.isNotEmpty() == true && config.remarks.isNotEmpty()) {
-                val matched = Regex(pattern = subItem.filter ?: "")
+
+            // Apply filter
+            if (subItem?.filter.isNotNullEmpty() && config.remarks.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                val matched = Regex(pattern = subItem?.filter.orEmpty())
                    .containsMatchIn(input = config.remarks)
-                if (!matched) return -1
+                if (!matched) return null
            }

            config.subscriptionId = subid
-            val guid = MmkvManager.encodeServerConfig("", config)
-            if (removedSelectedServer != null &&
-                config.server == removedSelectedServer.server && config.serverPort == removedSelectedServer.serverPort
-            ) {
-                MmkvManager.setSelectServer(guid)
-            }
+            config.description = generateDescription(config)
+
+            return config
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse config", e)
-            return -1
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse config", e)
+            return null
        }
-        return 0
    }

    /**
     * Updates the configuration via all subscriptions.
     *
-     * @return The number of configurations updated.
+     * @return Detailed result of the subscription update operation.
     */
-    fun updateConfigViaSubAll(): Int {
-        var count = 0
-        try {
-            MmkvManager.decodeSubscriptions().forEach {
-                count += updateConfigViaSub(it)
+    fun updateConfigViaSubAll(): SubscriptionUpdateResult {
+        return try {
+            val subscriptions = MmkvManager.decodeSubscriptions()
+            subscriptions.fold(SubscriptionUpdateResult()) { acc, subscription ->
+                acc + updateConfigViaSub(subscription)
            }
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to update config via all subscriptions", e)
-            return 0
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to update config via all subscriptions", e)
+            SubscriptionUpdateResult()
        }
-        return count
    }

    /**
     * Updates the configuration via a subscription.
     *
     * @param it The subscription item.
-     * @return The number of configurations updated.
+     * @return Subscription update result.
     */
-    fun updateConfigViaSub(it: Pair<String, SubscriptionItem>): Int {
+    fun updateConfigViaSub(it: SubscriptionCache): SubscriptionUpdateResult {
        try {
-            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(it.first)
-                || TextUtils.isEmpty(it.second.remarks)
-                || TextUtils.isEmpty(it.second.url)
+            // Check if disabled
+            if (!it.subscription.enabled) {
+                return SubscriptionUpdateResult(skipCount = 1)
+            }
+
+            // Validate subscription info
+            if (TextUtils.isEmpty(it.guid)
+                || TextUtils.isEmpty(it.subscription.remarks)
+                || TextUtils.isEmpty(it.subscription.url)
            ) {
-                return 0
+                return SubscriptionUpdateResult(skipCount = 1)
            }
-            if (!it.second.enabled) {
-                return 0
-            }
-            val url = HttpUtil.idnToASCII(it.second.url)
+
+            val url = HttpUtil.toIdnUrl(it.subscription.url)
            if (!Utils.isValidUrl(url)) {
-                return 0
+                return SubscriptionUpdateResult(failureCount = 1)
            }
-            if (!it.second.allowInsecureUrl) {
+            if (!it.subscription.allowInsecureUrl) {
                if (!Utils.isValidSubUrl(url)) {
-                    return 0
+                    return SubscriptionUpdateResult(failureCount = 1)
                }
            }
-            Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, url)
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, url)
+            val userAgent = it.subscription.userAgent
+            val proxyUsername = SettingsManager.getSocksUsername()
+            val proxyPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()

            var configText = try {
                val httpPort = SettingsManager.getHttpPort()
-                HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(url, 15000, httpPort)
+                HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(url, userAgent, 15000, httpPort, proxyUsername, proxyPassword)
            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                Log.e(AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE, "Update subscription: proxy not ready or other error", e)
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE, "Update subscription: proxy not ready or other error", e)
                ""
            }
            if (configText.isEmpty()) {
                configText = try {
-                    HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(url)
+                    HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(url, userAgent)
                } catch (e: Exception) {
-                    Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Update subscription: Failed to get URL content with user agent", e)
+                    LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Update subscription: Failed to get URL content with user agent", e)
                    ""
                }
            }
            if (configText.isEmpty()) {
-                return 0
+                return SubscriptionUpdateResult(failureCount = 1)
+            }
+
+            val count = parseConfigViaSub(configText, it.guid, false)
+            if (count > 0) {
+                it.subscription.lastUpdated = System.currentTimeMillis()
+                MmkvManager.encodeSubscription(it.guid, it.subscription)
+                LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Subscription updated: ${it.subscription.remarks}, $count configs")
+                return SubscriptionUpdateResult(
+                    configCount = count,
+                    successCount = 1
+                )
+            } else {
+                // Got response but no valid configs parsed
+                return SubscriptionUpdateResult(failureCount = 1)
            }
-            return parseConfigViaSub(configText, it.first, false)
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to update config via subscription", e)
-            return 0
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to update config via subscription", e)
+            return SubscriptionUpdateResult(failureCount = 1)
        }
    }

@@ -465,7 +585,7 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            count = parseBatchConfig(server, subid, append)
        }
        if (count <= 0) {
-            count = parseCustomConfigServer(server, subid)
+            count = parseCustomConfigServer(server, subid, append)
        }
        return count
    }
@@ -479,7 +599,7 @@ object AngConfigManager {
    private fun importUrlAsSubscription(url: String): Int {
        val subscriptions = MmkvManager.decodeSubscriptions()
        subscriptions.forEach {
-            if (it.second.url == url) {
+            if (it.subscription.url == url) {
                return 0
            }
        }
@@ -490,4 +610,25 @@ object AngConfigManager {
        MmkvManager.encodeSubscription("", subItem)
        return 1
    }
+
+    /** Generates a description for the profile.
+     *
+     * @param profile The profile item.
+     * @return The generated description.
+     */
+    fun generateDescription(profile: ProfileItem): String {
+        // Hide xxx:xxx:***/xxx.xxx.xxx.***
+        val server = profile.server
+        val port = profile.serverPort
+        if (server.isNullOrBlank() && port.isNullOrBlank()) return ""
+
+        val addrPart = server?.let {
+            if (it.contains(":"))
+                it.split(":").take(2).joinToString(":", postfix = ":***")
+            else
+                it.split('.').dropLast(1).joinToString(".", postfix = ".***")
+        } ?: ""
+
+        return "$addrPart : ${port ?: ""}"
+    }
 }
@@ -1,242 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.handler
-
-import android.util.Log
-import com.tencent.mmkv.MMKV
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.NetworkType
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ServerConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.removeWhiteSpace
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
-
-object MigrateManager {
-    private const val ID_SERVER_CONFIG = "SERVER_CONFIG"
-    private val serverStorage by lazy { MMKV.mmkvWithID(ID_SERVER_CONFIG, MMKV.MULTI_PROCESS_MODE) }
-
-    /**
-     * Migrates server configurations to profile items.
-     *
-     * @return True if migration was successful, false otherwise.
-     */
-    fun migrateServerConfig2Profile(): Boolean {
-        if (serverStorage.count().toInt() == 0) {
-            return false
-        }
-        val serverList = serverStorage.allKeys() ?: return false
-        Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "migrateServerConfig2Profile-" + serverList.count())
-
-        for (guid in serverList) {
-            var configOld = decodeServerConfigOld(guid) ?: continue
-            var config = decodeServerConfig(guid)
-            if (config != null) {
-                serverStorage.remove(guid)
-                continue
-            }
-            config = migrateServerConfig2ProfileSub(configOld) ?: continue
-            config.subscriptionId = configOld.subscriptionId
-
-            MmkvManager.encodeServerConfig(guid, config)
-
-            //check and remove old
-            decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: continue
-            serverStorage.remove(guid)
-            Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "migrateServerConfig2Profile-" + config.remarks)
-        }
-        Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "migrateServerConfig2Profile-end")
-        return true
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Migrates a server configuration to a profile item.
-     *
-     * @param configOld The old server configuration.
-     * @return The profile item.
-     */
-    private fun migrateServerConfig2ProfileSub(configOld: ServerConfig): ProfileItem? {
-        return when (configOld.getProxyOutbound()?.protocol) {
-            EConfigType.VMESS.name.lowercase() -> migrate2ProfileCommon(configOld)
-            EConfigType.VLESS.name.lowercase() -> migrate2ProfileCommon(configOld)
-            EConfigType.TROJAN.name.lowercase() -> migrate2ProfileCommon(configOld)
-            EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.name.lowercase() -> migrate2ProfileCommon(configOld)
-
-            EConfigType.SOCKS.name.lowercase() -> migrate2ProfileSocks(configOld)
-            EConfigType.HTTP.name.lowercase() -> migrate2ProfileHttp(configOld)
-            EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name.lowercase() -> migrate2ProfileWireguard(configOld)
-            EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name.lowercase() -> migrate2ProfileHysteria2(configOld)
-
-            EConfigType.CUSTOM.name.lowercase() -> migrate2ProfileCustom(configOld)
-
-            else -> null
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Migrates a common server configuration to a profile item.
-     *
-     * @param configOld The old server configuration.
-     * @return The profile item.
-     */
-    private fun migrate2ProfileCommon(configOld: ServerConfig): ProfileItem? {
-        val config = ProfileItem.create(configOld.configType)
-
-        val outbound = configOld.getProxyOutbound() ?: return null
-        config.remarks = configOld.remarks
-        config.server = outbound.getServerAddress()
-        config.serverPort = outbound.getServerPort().toString()
-        config.method = outbound.getSecurityEncryption()
-        config.password = outbound.getPassword()
-        config.flow = outbound?.settings?.vnext?.first()?.users?.first()?.flow ?: outbound?.settings?.servers?.first()?.flow
-
-        config.network = outbound?.streamSettings?.network ?: NetworkType.TCP.type
-        outbound.getTransportSettingDetails()?.let { transportDetails ->
-            config.headerType = transportDetails[0].orEmpty()
-            config.host = transportDetails[1].orEmpty()
-            config.path = transportDetails[2].orEmpty()
-        }
-
-        config.seed = outbound?.streamSettings?.kcpSettings?.seed
-        config.quicSecurity = outbound?.streamSettings?.quicSettings?.security
-        config.quicKey = outbound?.streamSettings?.quicSettings?.key
-        config.mode = if (outbound?.streamSettings?.grpcSettings?.multiMode == true) "multi" else "gun"
-        config.serviceName = outbound?.streamSettings?.grpcSettings?.serviceName
-        config.authority = outbound?.streamSettings?.grpcSettings?.authority
-
-        config.security = outbound.streamSettings?.security
-        val tlsSettings = outbound?.streamSettings?.realitySettings ?: outbound?.streamSettings?.tlsSettings
-        config.insecure = tlsSettings?.allowInsecure
-        config.sni = tlsSettings?.serverName
-        config.fingerPrint = tlsSettings?.fingerprint
-        config.alpn = tlsSettings?.alpn?.joinToString(",").removeWhiteSpace().toString()
-
-        config.publicKey = tlsSettings?.publicKey
-        config.shortId = tlsSettings?.shortId
-        config.spiderX = tlsSettings?.spiderX
-
-        return config
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Migrates a SOCKS server configuration to a profile item.
-     *
-     * @param configOld The old server configuration.
-     * @return The profile item.
-     */
-    private fun migrate2ProfileSocks(configOld: ServerConfig): ProfileItem? {
-        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.SOCKS)
-
-        val outbound = configOld.getProxyOutbound() ?: return null
-        config.remarks = configOld.remarks
-        config.server = outbound.getServerAddress()
-        config.serverPort = outbound.getServerPort().toString()
-        config.username = outbound.settings?.servers?.first()?.users?.first()?.user
-        config.password = outbound.getPassword()
-
-        return config
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Migrates an HTTP server configuration to a profile item.
-     *
-     * @param configOld The old server configuration.
-     * @return The profile item.
-     */
-    private fun migrate2ProfileHttp(configOld: ServerConfig): ProfileItem? {
-        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.HTTP)
-
-        val outbound = configOld.getProxyOutbound() ?: return null
-        config.remarks = configOld.remarks
-        config.server = outbound.getServerAddress()
-        config.serverPort = outbound.getServerPort().toString()
-        config.username = outbound.settings?.servers?.first()?.users?.first()?.user
-        config.password = outbound.getPassword()
-
-        return config
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Migrates a WireGuard server configuration to a profile item.
-     *
-     * @param configOld The old server configuration.
-     * @return The profile item.
-     */
-    private fun migrate2ProfileWireguard(configOld: ServerConfig): ProfileItem? {
-        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.WIREGUARD)
-
-        val outbound = configOld.getProxyOutbound() ?: return null
-        config.remarks = configOld.remarks
-        config.server = outbound.getServerAddress()
-        config.serverPort = outbound.getServerPort().toString()
-
-        outbound.settings?.let { wireguard ->
-            config.secretKey = wireguard.secretKey
-            config.localAddress = (wireguard.address as List<*>).joinToString(",").removeWhiteSpace().toString()
-            config.publicKey = wireguard.peers?.getOrNull(0)?.publicKey
-            config.mtu = wireguard.mtu
-            config.reserved = wireguard.reserved?.joinToString(",").removeWhiteSpace().toString()
-        }
-        return config
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Migrates a Hysteria2 server configuration to a profile item.
-     *
-     * @param configOld The old server configuration.
-     * @return The profile item.
-     */
-    private fun migrate2ProfileHysteria2(configOld: ServerConfig): ProfileItem? {
-        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2)
-
-        val outbound = configOld.getProxyOutbound() ?: return null
-        config.remarks = configOld.remarks
-        config.server = outbound.getServerAddress()
-        config.serverPort = outbound.getServerPort().toString()
-        config.password = outbound.getPassword()
-
-        config.security = AppConfig.TLS
-        outbound.streamSettings?.tlsSettings?.let { tlsSetting ->
-            config.insecure = tlsSetting.allowInsecure
-            config.sni = tlsSetting.serverName
-            config.alpn = tlsSetting.alpn?.joinToString(",").removeWhiteSpace().orEmpty()
-
-        }
-        config.obfsPassword = outbound.settings?.obfsPassword
-
-        return config
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Migrates a custom server configuration to a profile item.
-     *
-     * @param configOld The old server configuration.
-     * @return The profile item.
-     */
-    private fun migrate2ProfileCustom(configOld: ServerConfig): ProfileItem? {
-        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.CUSTOM)
-
-        val outbound = configOld.getProxyOutbound() ?: return null
-        config.remarks = configOld.remarks
-        config.server = outbound.getServerAddress()
-        config.serverPort = outbound.getServerPort().toString()
-
-        return config
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Decodes the old server configuration.
-     *
-     * @param guid The server GUID.
-     * @return The old server configuration.
-     */
-    private fun decodeServerConfigOld(guid: String): ServerConfig? {
-        if (guid.isBlank()) {
-            return null
-        }
-        val json = serverStorage.decodeString(guid)
-        if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
-            return null
-        }
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, ServerConfig::class.java)
-    }
-}
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

 import com.tencent.mmkv.MMKV
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.PREF_IS_BOOTED
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.PREF_ROUTING_RULESET
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.AssetUrlCache
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.AssetUrlItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.RulesetItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ServerAffiliationInfo
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionCache
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.WebDavConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils

@@ -15,7 +19,6 @@ object MmkvManager {

    //region private

-    //private const val ID_PROFILE_CONFIG = "PROFILE_CONFIG"
    private const val ID_MAIN = "MAIN"
    private const val ID_PROFILE_FULL_CONFIG = "PROFILE_FULL_CONFIG"
    private const val ID_SERVER_RAW = "SERVER_RAW"
@@ -25,9 +28,10 @@ object MmkvManager {
    private const val ID_SETTING = "SETTING"
    private const val KEY_SELECTED_SERVER = "SELECTED_SERVER"
    private const val KEY_ANG_CONFIGS = "ANG_CONFIGS"
+    private const val KEY_SUB_SERVER_PREFIX = "SUB_SERVERS_"
    private const val KEY_SUB_IDS = "SUB_IDS"
+    private const val KEY_WEBDAV_CONFIG = "WEBDAV_CONFIG"

-    //private val profileStorage by lazy { MMKV.mmkvWithID(ID_PROFILE_CONFIG, MMKV.MULTI_PROCESS_MODE) }
    private val mainStorage by lazy { MMKV.mmkvWithID(ID_MAIN, MMKV.MULTI_PROCESS_MODE) }
    private val profileFullStorage by lazy { MMKV.mmkvWithID(ID_PROFILE_FULL_CONFIG, MMKV.MULTI_PROCESS_MODE) }
    private val serverRawStorage by lazy { MMKV.mmkvWithID(ID_SERVER_RAW, MMKV.MULTI_PROCESS_MODE) }
@@ -40,6 +44,17 @@ object MmkvManager {

    //region Server

+    /**
+     * Reads the legacy server list from KEY_ANG_CONFIGS for migration.
+     * This method is for migration purposes only.
+     *
+     * @return The JSON string of legacy server list, or null if not exists.
+     */
+    fun readLegacyServerList(): String? {
+        return mainStorage.decodeString(KEY_ANG_CONFIGS)
+    }
+
+
    /**
     * Gets the selected server GUID.
     *
@@ -59,28 +74,62 @@ object MmkvManager {
    }

    /**
-     * Encodes the server list.
+     * Encodes the server list for a given subscription.
+     * Saves to the subscription's serverList (including default subscription for ungrouped servers).
     *
     * @param serverList The list of server GUIDs.
+     * @param subscriptionId The subscription ID.
     */
-    fun encodeServerList(serverList: MutableList<String>) {
-        mainStorage.encode(KEY_ANG_CONFIGS, JsonUtil.toJson(serverList))
+    fun encodeServerList(serverList: MutableList<String>, subscriptionId: String) {
+        val subId = getSubscriptionId(subscriptionId)
+        val key = "$KEY_SUB_SERVER_PREFIX$subId"
+        mainStorage.encode(key, JsonUtil.toJson(serverList))
    }

+
    /**
-     * Decodes the server list.
+     * Decodes the server list for a given subscription.
+     * If subscriptionId is empty, returns ungrouped servers.
+     * Otherwise, returns servers from the specified subscription's serverList.
     *
+     * @param subscriptionId The subscription ID.
     * @return The list of server GUIDs.
     */
-    fun decodeServerList(): MutableList<String> {
-        val json = mainStorage.decodeString(KEY_ANG_CONFIGS)
+    fun decodeServerList(subscriptionId: String): MutableList<String> {
+        val subId = getSubscriptionId(subscriptionId)
+        val key = "$KEY_SUB_SERVER_PREFIX$subId"
+        val json = mainStorage.decodeString(key)
        return if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
            mutableListOf()
        } else {
-            JsonUtil.fromJson(json, Array<String>::class.java).toMutableList()
+            JsonUtil.fromJson(json, Array<String>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
        }
    }

+    /**
+     * Decodes all server list (merged from all subscriptions including default subscription).
+     * Use this when you need the complete server list.
+     *
+     * @return The list of all server GUIDs.
+     */
+    fun decodeAllServerList(): MutableList<String> {
+        val allServers = mutableListOf<String>()
+        val subsList = decodeSubsList()
+
+        // If DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID is not in the subscriptions list, add its servers
+        if (!subsList.contains(DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID)) {
+            allServers.addAll(decodeServerList(DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID))
+        }
+
+        // Add servers from all subscriptions
+        subsList.forEach { guid ->
+            allServers.addAll(decodeServerList(guid))
+        }
+
+        return allServers
+    }
+
+
    /**
     * Decodes the server configuration.
     *
@@ -98,16 +147,6 @@ object MmkvManager {
        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, ProfileItem::class.java)
    }

-//    fun decodeProfileConfig(guid: String): ProfileLiteItem? {
-//        if (guid.isBlank()) {
-//            return null
-//        }
-//        val json = profileStorage.decodeString(guid)
-//        if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
-//            return null
-//        }
-//        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, ProfileLiteItem::class.java)
-//    }

    /**
     * Encodes the server configuration.
@@ -119,25 +158,32 @@ object MmkvManager {
    fun encodeServerConfig(guid: String, config: ProfileItem): String {
        val key = guid.ifBlank { Utils.getUuid() }
        profileFullStorage.encode(key, JsonUtil.toJson(config))
-        val serverList = decodeServerList()
+
+        // Use default subscription for servers without subscription
+        val subId = getSubscriptionId(config.subscriptionId)
+        val serverList = decodeServerList(subId)
+
        if (!serverList.contains(key)) {
            serverList.add(0, key)
-            encodeServerList(serverList)
+            encodeServerList(serverList, subId)
            if (getSelectServer().isNullOrBlank()) {
                mainStorage.encode(KEY_SELECTED_SERVER, key)
            }
        }
-//        val profile = ProfileLiteItem(
-//            configType = config.configType,
-//            subscriptionId = config.subscriptionId,
-//            remarks = config.remarks,
-//            server = config.getProxyOutbound()?.getServerAddress(),
-//            serverPort = config.getProxyOutbound()?.getServerPort(),
-//        )
-//        profileStorage.encode(key, JsonUtil.toJson(profile))
+
        return key
    }

+    /**
+     * Encodes the server configuration directly without updating serverList.
+     *
+     * @param key The server GUID.
+     * @param configJson The server configuration JSON string.
+     */
+    fun encodeProfileDirect(key: String, configJson: String) {
+        profileFullStorage.encode(key, configJson)
+    }
+
    /**
     * Removes the server configuration.
     *
@@ -147,33 +193,44 @@ object MmkvManager {
        if (guid.isBlank()) {
            return
        }
+
+        // Get config to determine which subscription to update
+        val config = decodeServerConfig(guid)
+        val subId = getSubscriptionId(config?.subscriptionId)
+
+        // Remove from appropriate server list
+        val serverList = decodeServerList(subId)
+        serverList.remove(guid)
+        encodeServerList(serverList, subId)
+
+        // Clean up storage
        if (getSelectServer() == guid) {
            mainStorage.remove(KEY_SELECTED_SERVER)
        }
-        val serverList = decodeServerList()
-        serverList.remove(guid)
-        encodeServerList(serverList)
        profileFullStorage.remove(guid)
-        //profileStorage.remove(guid)
        serverAffStorage.remove(guid)
    }

    /**
     * Removes the server configurations via subscription ID.
     *
-     * @param subid The subscription ID.
+     * @param subscriptionId The subscription ID.
     */
-    fun removeServerViaSubid(subid: String) {
-        if (subid.isBlank()) {
-            return
-        }
-        profileFullStorage.allKeys()?.forEach { key ->
-            decodeServerConfig(key)?.let { config ->
-                if (config.subscriptionId == subid) {
-                    removeServer(key)
-                }
+    fun removeServerViaSubid(subscriptionId: String?) {
+        val subId = getSubscriptionId(subscriptionId)
+        val serverList = decodeServerList(subId)
+
+        // Remove all servers in the list
+        serverList.forEach { guid ->
+            if (getSelectServer() == guid) {
+                mainStorage.remove(KEY_SELECTED_SERVER)
            }
+            profileFullStorage.remove(guid)
+            serverAffStorage.remove(guid)
        }
+
+        serverList.clear()
+        encodeServerList(serverList, subId)
    }

    /**
@@ -231,7 +288,6 @@ object MmkvManager {
        val count = profileFullStorage.allKeys()?.count() ?: 0
        mainStorage.clearAll()
        profileFullStorage.clearAll()
-        //profileStorage.clearAll()
        serverAffStorage.clearAll()
        return count
    }
@@ -288,6 +344,10 @@ object MmkvManager {

    //region Subscriptions

+    private fun getSubscriptionId(subscriptionId: String?): String {
+        return subscriptionId?.ifEmpty { DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID } ?: DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID
+    }
+
    /**
     * Initializes the subscription list.
     */
@@ -307,14 +367,15 @@ object MmkvManager {
     *
     * @return The list of subscriptions.
     */
-    fun decodeSubscriptions(): List<Pair<String, SubscriptionItem>> {
+    fun decodeSubscriptions(): List<SubscriptionCache> {
        initSubsList()

-        val subscriptions = mutableListOf<Pair<String, SubscriptionItem>>()
+        val subscriptions = mutableListOf<SubscriptionCache>()
        decodeSubsList().forEach { key ->
            val json = subStorage.decodeString(key)
            if (!json.isNullOrBlank()) {
-                subscriptions.add(Pair(key, JsonUtil.fromJson(json, SubscriptionItem::class.java)))
+                val item = JsonUtil.fromJson(json, SubscriptionItem::class.java) ?: SubscriptionItem()
+                subscriptions.add(SubscriptionCache(key, item))
            }
        }
        return subscriptions
@@ -381,7 +442,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        return if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
            mutableListOf()
        } else {
-            JsonUtil.fromJson(json, Array<String>::class.java).toMutableList()
+            JsonUtil.fromJson(json, Array<String>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
        }
    }

@@ -394,15 +455,16 @@ object MmkvManager {
     *
     * @return The list of asset URLs.
     */
-    fun decodeAssetUrls(): List<Pair<String, AssetUrlItem>> {
-        val assetUrlItems = mutableListOf<Pair<String, AssetUrlItem>>()
+    fun decodeAssetUrls(): List<AssetUrlCache> {
+        val assetUrlItems = mutableListOf<AssetUrlCache>()
        assetStorage.allKeys()?.forEach { key ->
            val json = assetStorage.decodeString(key)
            if (!json.isNullOrBlank()) {
-                assetUrlItems.add(Pair(key, JsonUtil.fromJson(json, AssetUrlItem::class.java)))
+                val item = JsonUtil.fromJson(json, AssetUrlItem::class.java) ?: AssetUrlItem()
+                assetUrlItems.add(AssetUrlCache(key, item))
            }
        }
-        return assetUrlItems.sortedBy { (_, value) -> value.addedTime }
+        return assetUrlItems.sortedBy { it.assetUrl.addedTime }
    }

    /**
@@ -448,7 +510,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
    fun decodeRoutingRulesets(): MutableList<RulesetItem>? {
        val ruleset = settingsStorage.decodeString(PREF_ROUTING_RULESET)
        if (ruleset.isNullOrEmpty()) return null
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(ruleset, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java).toMutableList()
+        return JsonUtil.fromJson(ruleset, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
    }

    /**
@@ -465,6 +527,7 @@ object MmkvManager {

    //endregion

+    //region settings
    /**
     * Encodes the settings.
     *
@@ -487,6 +550,28 @@ object MmkvManager {
        return settingsStorage.encode(key, value)
    }

+    /**
+     * Encodes the settings.
+     *
+     * @param key The settings key.
+     * @param value The settings value.
+     * @return Whether the encoding was successful.
+     */
+    fun encodeSettings(key: String, value: Long): Boolean {
+        return settingsStorage.encode(key, value)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Encodes the settings.
+     *
+     * @param key The settings key.
+     * @param value The settings value.
+     * @return Whether the encoding was successful.
+     */
+    fun encodeSettings(key: String, value: Float): Boolean {
+        return settingsStorage.encode(key, value)
+    }
+
    /**
     * Encodes the settings.
     *
@@ -530,6 +615,39 @@ object MmkvManager {
        return settingsStorage.decodeString(key, defaultValue)
    }

+    /**
+     * Decodes the settings integer.
+     *
+     * @param key The settings key.
+     * @param defaultValue The default value.
+     * @return The settings value.
+     */
+    fun decodeSettingsInt(key: String, defaultValue: Int): Int {
+        return settingsStorage.decodeInt(key, defaultValue)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes the settings long.
+     *
+     * @param key The settings key.
+     * @param defaultValue The default value.
+     * @return The settings value.
+     */
+    fun decodeSettingsLong(key: String, defaultValue: Long): Long {
+        return settingsStorage.decodeLong(key, defaultValue)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes the settings float.
+     *
+     * @param key The settings key.
+     * @param defaultValue The default value.
+     * @return The settings value.
+     */
+    fun decodeSettingsFloat(key: String, defaultValue: Float): Float {
+        return settingsStorage.decodeFloat(key, defaultValue)
+    }
+
    /**
     * Decodes the settings boolean.
     *
@@ -561,9 +679,6 @@ object MmkvManager {
        return settingsStorage.decodeStringSet(key)
    }

-    //endregion
-
-    //region Others

    /**
     * Encodes the start on boot setting.
@@ -585,4 +700,22 @@ object MmkvManager {

    //endregion

+    //region WebDAV
+
+    /**
+     * Encodes the WebDAV config as JSON into storage.
+     */
+    fun encodeWebDavConfig(config: WebDavConfig): Boolean {
+        return mainStorage.encode(KEY_WEBDAV_CONFIG, JsonUtil.toJson(config))
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Decodes the WebDAV config from storage.
+     */
+    fun decodeWebDavConfig(): WebDavConfig? {
+        val json = mainStorage.decodeString(KEY_WEBDAV_CONFIG) ?: return null
+        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, WebDavConfig::class.java)
+    }
+
+    //endregion
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.service
+package com.v2ray.ang.handler

 import android.app.Notification
 import android.app.NotificationChannel
@@ -12,13 +12,12 @@ import android.os.Build
 import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
 import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toSpeedString
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.ui.MainActivity
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
@@ -27,12 +26,13 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.isActive
 import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
 import kotlin.math.min

-object NotificationService {
+object NotificationManager {
    private const val NOTIFICATION_ID = 1
    private const val NOTIFICATION_PENDING_INTENT_CONTENT = 0
    private const val NOTIFICATION_PENDING_INTENT_STOP_V2RAY = 1
    private const val NOTIFICATION_PENDING_INTENT_RESTART_V2RAY = 2
    private const val NOTIFICATION_ICON_THRESHOLD = 3000
+    private const val QUERY_INTERVAL_MS = 3000L

    private var lastQueryTime = 0L
    private var mBuilder: NotificationCompat.Builder? = null
@@ -45,43 +45,52 @@ object NotificationService {
     */
    fun startSpeedNotification(currentConfig: ProfileItem?) {
        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_SPEED_ENABLED) != true) return
-        if (speedNotificationJob != null || V2RayServiceManager.isRunning() == false) return
+        if (speedNotificationJob != null || CoreServiceManager.isRunning() == false) return

-        lastQueryTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
        var lastZeroSpeed = false
        val outboundTags = currentConfig?.getAllOutboundTags()
-        outboundTags?.remove(TAG_DIRECT)
+        outboundTags?.remove(AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT)

        speedNotificationJob = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).launch {
            while (isActive) {
                val queryTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
-                val sinceLastQueryInSeconds = (queryTime - lastQueryTime) / 1000.0
+                val sinceLastQueryIn = (queryTime - lastQueryTime)
+
+                // If the query interval is too short, skip this round to avoid excessive CPU usage
+                if (sinceLastQueryIn < QUERY_INTERVAL_MS) {
+                    LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Query interval too short: ${sinceLastQueryIn}ms, skipping")
+                    lastQueryTime = queryTime
+                    delay(QUERY_INTERVAL_MS)
+                    continue
+                }
+                val sinceLastQueryInSeconds = sinceLastQueryIn / 1000.0
+
                var proxyTotal = 0L
                val text = StringBuilder()
                outboundTags?.forEach {
-                    val up = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(it, AppConfig.UPLINK)
-                    val down = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(it, AppConfig.DOWNLINK)
+                    val up = CoreServiceManager.queryStats(it, AppConfig.UPLINK)
+                    val down = CoreServiceManager.queryStats(it, AppConfig.DOWNLINK)
                    if (up + down > 0) {
                        appendSpeedString(text, it, up / sinceLastQueryInSeconds, down / sinceLastQueryInSeconds)
                        proxyTotal += up + down
                    }
                }
-                val directUplink = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(TAG_DIRECT, AppConfig.UPLINK)
-                val directDownlink = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(TAG_DIRECT, AppConfig.DOWNLINK)
+                val directUplink = CoreServiceManager.queryStats(AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT, AppConfig.UPLINK)
+                val directDownlink = CoreServiceManager.queryStats(AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT, AppConfig.DOWNLINK)
                val zeroSpeed = proxyTotal == 0L && directUplink == 0L && directDownlink == 0L
                if (!zeroSpeed || !lastZeroSpeed) {
                    if (proxyTotal == 0L) {
                        appendSpeedString(text, outboundTags?.firstOrNull(), 0.0, 0.0)
                    }
                    appendSpeedString(
-                        text, TAG_DIRECT, directUplink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds,
+                        text, AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT, directUplink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds,
                        directDownlink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds
                    )
                    updateNotification(text.toString(), proxyTotal, directDownlink + directUplink)
                }
                lastZeroSpeed = zeroSpeed
                lastQueryTime = queryTime
-                delay(3000)
+                delay(QUERY_INTERVAL_MS)
            }
        }
    }
@@ -92,22 +101,22 @@ object NotificationService {
     */
    fun showNotification(currentConfig: ProfileItem?) {
        val service = getService() ?: return
-        val flags = if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
-            PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE or PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT
-        } else {
-            PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT
-        }
+
+        // Reset last query time to avoid querying stats too soon after showing the notification
+        lastQueryTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
+
+        val flags = PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE or PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT

        val startMainIntent = Intent(service, MainActivity::class.java)
        val contentPendingIntent = PendingIntent.getActivity(service, NOTIFICATION_PENDING_INTENT_CONTENT, startMainIntent, flags)

        val stopV2RayIntent = Intent(AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE)
-        stopV2RayIntent.`package` = ANG_PACKAGE
+        stopV2RayIntent.`package` = AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE
        stopV2RayIntent.putExtra("key", AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP)
        val stopV2RayPendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(service, NOTIFICATION_PENDING_INTENT_STOP_V2RAY, stopV2RayIntent, flags)

        val restartV2RayIntent = Intent(AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE)
-        restartV2RayIntent.`package` = ANG_PACKAGE
+        restartV2RayIntent.`package` = AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE
        restartV2RayIntent.putExtra("key", AppConfig.MSG_STATE_RESTART)
        val restartV2RayPendingIntent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(service, NOTIFICATION_PENDING_INTENT_RESTART_V2RAY, restartV2RayIntent, flags)

@@ -149,11 +158,7 @@ object NotificationService {
     */
    fun cancelNotification() {
        val service = getService() ?: return
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.N) {
-            service.stopForeground(Service.STOP_FOREGROUND_REMOVE)
-        } else {
-            service.stopForeground(true)
-        }
+        service.stopForeground(Service.STOP_FOREGROUND_REMOVE)

        mBuilder = null
        speedNotificationJob?.cancel()
@@ -234,7 +239,7 @@ object NotificationService {
     */
    private fun appendSpeedString(text: StringBuilder, name: String?, up: Double, down: Double) {
        var n = name ?: "no tag"
-        n = n.substring(0, min(n.length, 6))
+        n = n.take(min(n.length, 6))
        text.append(n)
        for (i in n.length..6 step 2) {
            text.append("\t")
@@ -247,6 +252,6 @@ object NotificationService {
     * @return The service instance.
     */
    private fun getService(): Service? {
-        return V2RayServiceManager.serviceControl?.get()?.getService()
+        return CoreServiceManager.serviceControl?.get()?.getService()
    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.MutableStateFlow
+
+object SettingsChangeManager {
+    private val _restartService = MutableStateFlow(false)
+    private val _setupGroupTab = MutableStateFlow(false)
+
+    // Mark restartService as requiring a restart
+    fun makeRestartService() {
+        _restartService.value = true
+    }
+
+    // Read and clear the restartService flag
+    fun consumeRestartService(): Boolean {
+        val v = _restartService.value
+        _restartService.value = false
+        return v
+    }
+
+    // Mark reinitGroupTab as requiring tab reinitialization
+    fun makeSetupGroupTab() {
+        _setupGroupTab.value = true
+    }
+
+    // Read and clear the reinitGroupTab flag
+    fun consumeSetupGroupTab(): Boolean {
+        val v = _setupGroupTab.value
+        _setupGroupTab.value = false
+        return v
+    }
+}
@@ -2,36 +2,57 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.handler

 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.res.AssetManager
+import android.os.Build
 import android.text.TextUtils
-import android.util.Log
 import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatDelegate
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.GEOIP_PRIVATE
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.GEOSITE_PRIVATE
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.Language
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.VPN
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.RoutingType
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.RulesetItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.Language
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.RoutingType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.VpnInterfaceAddressConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeAllServerList
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeServerList
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeSubsList
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeSubscription
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.encodeSubscription
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.removeSubscription
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.io.File
 import java.io.FileOutputStream
 import java.util.Collections
 import java.util.Locale
+import kotlin.random.Random

 object SettingsManager {

+    @Volatile
+    private var runtimeSocksPort: Int? = null
+
+    fun initApp(context: Context) {
+        ensureDefaultSettings()
+        //ensureDefaultSubscription()
+        initRoutingRulesets(context)
+        migrateServerListToSubscriptions()
+        migrateHysteria2PinSHA256()
+    }
+
    /**
     * Initialize routing rulesets.
     * @param context The application context.
     */
-    fun initRoutingRulesets(context: Context) {
+    private fun initRoutingRulesets(context: Context) {
        val exist = MmkvManager.decodeRoutingRulesets()
        if (exist.isNullOrEmpty()) {
            val rulesetList = getPresetRoutingRulesets(context)
@@ -52,7 +73,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
            return null
        }

-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(assets, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java).toMutableList()
+        return JsonUtil.fromJson(assets, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList()
    }

    /**
@@ -76,7 +97,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
        }

        try {
-            val rulesetList = JsonUtil.fromJson(content, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java).toMutableList()
+            val rulesetList = JsonUtil.fromJson(content, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList()
            if (rulesetList.isNullOrEmpty()) {
                return false
            }
@@ -84,7 +105,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
            resetRoutingRulesetsCommon(rulesetList)
            return true
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(ANG_PACKAGE, "Failed to reset routing rulesets", e)
+            LogUtil.e(ANG_PACKAGE, "Failed to reset routing rulesets", e)
            return false
        }
    }
@@ -159,7 +180,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
     * @return True if bypassing LAN, false otherwise.
     */
    fun routingRulesetsBypassLan(): Boolean {
-        val vpnBypassLan = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_VPN_BYPASS_LAN) ?: "0"
+        val vpnBypassLan = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_VPN_BYPASS_LAN) ?: "1"
        if (vpnBypassLan == "1") {
            return true
        } else if (vpnBypassLan == "2") {
@@ -171,7 +192,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
        if (config.configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
            val raw = MmkvManager.decodeServerRaw(guid) ?: return false
            val v2rayConfig = JsonUtil.fromJson(raw, V2rayConfig::class.java)
-            val exist = v2rayConfig.routing.rules.filter { it.outboundTag == TAG_DIRECT }.any {
+            val exist = v2rayConfig?.routing?.rules?.filter { it.outboundTag == TAG_DIRECT }?.any {
                it.domain?.contains(GEOSITE_PRIVATE) == true || it.ip?.contains(GEOIP_PRIVATE) == true
            }
            return exist == true
@@ -203,8 +224,8 @@ object SettingsManager {
     * @param toPosition The position to swap to.
     */
    fun swapSubscriptions(fromPosition: Int, toPosition: Int) {
-        val subsList = MmkvManager.decodeSubsList()
-        if (subsList.isNullOrEmpty()) return
+        val subsList = decodeSubsList()
+        if (subsList.isEmpty()) return

        Collections.swap(subsList, fromPosition, toPosition)
        MmkvManager.encodeSubsList(subsList)
@@ -219,14 +240,32 @@ object SettingsManager {
        if (remarks.isNullOrEmpty()) {
            return null
        }
-        val serverList = decodeServerList()
-        for (guid in serverList) {
-            val profile = decodeServerConfig(guid)
-            if (profile != null && profile.remarks == remarks) {
-                return profile
-            }
+        val serverList = decodeAllServerList()
+        return serverList
+            .mapNotNull { guid -> decodeServerConfig(guid) }
+            .firstOrNull { it.remarks == remarks }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes the subscription.
+     * If there are no remaining subscriptions,
+     * it creates a new default subscription to ensure that ungroup
+     **/
+    fun removeSubscriptionWithDefault(subid: String) {
+        SubscriptionUpdater.cancelOne(subId = subid)
+        // Remove the subscription
+        removeSubscription(subid)
+
+        // After removal, check if there are any subscriptions left. If not, create a default subscription.
+        val subsList2 = decodeSubsList()
+        if (subsList2.isNotEmpty()) {
+            return
        }
-        return null
+
+        val defaultSub = SubscriptionItem(
+            remarks = "Default",
+        )
+        encodeSubscription(DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, defaultSub)
    }

    /**
@@ -234,7 +273,30 @@ object SettingsManager {
     * @return The SOCKS port.
     */
    fun getSocksPort(): Int {
-        return Utils.parseInt(MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_SOCKS_PORT), AppConfig.PORT_SOCKS.toInt())
+        val port =
+            if (IsDynamicSocksPort()) {
+                runtimeSocksPort ?: refreshRuntimeSocksPort()
+            } else {
+                Utils.parseInt(MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_SOCKS_PORT), AppConfig.PORT_SOCKS.toInt())
+            }
+        return port ?: AppConfig.PORT_SOCKS.toInt()
+    }
+
+    @Synchronized
+    fun refreshRuntimeSocksPort(): Int? {
+        if (IsDynamicSocksPort()) {
+            runtimeSocksPort = generateRandomSocksPort()
+            return runtimeSocksPort
+        }
+        return null
+    }
+
+    fun getSocksUsername(): String? {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_SOCKS_USERNAME)?.trim()?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
+    }
+
+    fun getSocksPassword(): String? {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_SOCKS_PASSWORD)?.trim()?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
    }

    /**
@@ -245,6 +307,14 @@ object SettingsManager {
        return getSocksPort() + if (Utils.isXray()) 0 else 1
    }

+    private fun IsDynamicSocksPort(): Boolean {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_DYNAMIC_SOCKS_PORT, false)
+    }
+
+    private fun generateRandomSocksPort(): Int {
+        return Random.nextInt(10000, 65535)
+    }
+
    /**
     * Initialize assets.
     * @param context The application context.
@@ -254,7 +324,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
        val extFolder = Utils.userAssetPath(context)

        try {
-            val geo = arrayOf("geosite.dat", "geoip.dat")
+            val geo = arrayOf(AppConfig.GEOSITE_DAT, AppConfig.GEOIP_DAT, AppConfig.GEOIP_ONLY_CN_PRIVATE_DAT)
            assets.list("")
                ?.filter { geo.contains(it) }
                ?.filter { !File(extFolder, it).exists() }
@@ -265,10 +335,10 @@ object SettingsManager {
                            input.copyTo(output)
                        }
                    }
-                    Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Copied from apk assets folder to ${target.absolutePath}")
+                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Copied from apk assets folder to ${target.absolutePath}")
                }
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(ANG_PACKAGE, "asset copy failed", e)
+            LogUtil.e(ANG_PACKAGE, "asset copy failed", e)
        }
    }

@@ -323,6 +393,15 @@ object SettingsManager {
        }
    }

+    /**
+     * Get real ping concurrency.
+     * @return The number of concurrent real-ping tests (clamped to 1..64).
+     */
+    fun getRealPingConcurrency(): Int {
+        val value = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_REAL_PING_CONCURRENCY)?.toIntOrNull() ?: 16
+        return value.coerceIn(1, 128)
+    }
+
    /**
     * Get the locale.
     * @return The locale.
@@ -337,12 +416,12 @@ object SettingsManager {
            Language.ENGLISH -> Locale.ENGLISH
            Language.CHINA -> Locale.CHINA
            Language.TRADITIONAL_CHINESE -> Locale.TRADITIONAL_CHINESE
-            Language.VIETNAMESE -> Locale("vi")
-            Language.RUSSIAN -> Locale("ru")
-            Language.PERSIAN -> Locale("fa")
-            Language.ARABIC -> Locale("ar")
-            Language.BANGLA -> Locale("bn")
-            Language.BAKHTIARI -> Locale("bqi", "IR")
+            Language.VIETNAMESE -> Locale.forLanguageTag("vi")
+            Language.RUSSIAN -> Locale.forLanguageTag("ru")
+            Language.PERSIAN -> Locale.forLanguageTag("fa")
+            Language.ARABIC -> Locale.forLanguageTag("ar")
+            Language.BANGLA -> Locale.forLanguageTag("bn")
+            Language.BAKHTIARI -> Locale.forLanguageTag("bqi-IR")
        }
    }

@@ -356,4 +435,185 @@ object SettingsManager {
            "2" -> AppCompatDelegate.setDefaultNightMode(AppCompatDelegate.MODE_NIGHT_YES)
        }
    }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves the currently selected VPN interface address configuration.
+     * This method reads the user's preference for VPN interface addressing and returns
+     * the corresponding configuration containing IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
+     *
+     * @return The selected VpnInterfaceAddressConfig instance, or the default configuration
+     *         if no valid selection is found or if the stored index is invalid.
+     */
+    fun getCurrentVpnInterfaceAddressConfig(): VpnInterfaceAddressConfig {
+        val selectedIndex = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_VPN_INTERFACE_ADDRESS_CONFIG_INDEX, "0")?.toInt()
+        return VpnInterfaceAddressConfig.getConfigByIndex(selectedIndex ?: 0)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the VPN MTU from settings, defaulting to AppConfig.VPN_MTU.
+     */
+    fun getVpnMtu(): Int {
+        return Utils.parseInt(MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_VPN_MTU), AppConfig.VPN_MTU)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if HEV TUN is being used.
+     * @return True if HEV TUN is used, false otherwise.
+     */
+    fun isUsingHevTun(): Boolean {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_USE_HEV_TUNNEL, true)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Check if VPN mode is enabled.
+     * @return True if VPN mode is enabled, false otherwise.
+     */
+    fun isVpnMode(): Boolean {
+        val mode = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_MODE)
+        return mode == null || mode == VPN
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *  Check if process routing can be used.
+     */
+    fun canUseProcessRouting(): Boolean {
+        // Android 10+
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        // Must xray tun
+        if (isUsingHevTun()) {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        // Must have route only enabled
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ROUTE_ONLY_ENABLED, false) == false) {
+            return false
+        }
+
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensure default settings are present in MMKV.
+     */
+    private fun ensureDefaultSettings() {
+        // Write defaults in the exact order requested by the user
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_MODE, VPN)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_VPN_DNS, AppConfig.DNS_VPN)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_VPN_MTU, AppConfig.VPN_MTU.toString())
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_SOCKS_PORT, AppConfig.PORT_SOCKS)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_REMOTE_DNS, AppConfig.DNS_PROXY)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_DOMESTIC_DNS, AppConfig.DNS_DIRECT)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_DELAY_TEST_URL, AppConfig.DELAY_TEST_URL)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_IP_API_URL, AppConfig.IP_API_URL)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_HEV_TUNNEL_RW_TIMEOUT, AppConfig.HEVTUN_RW_TIMEOUT)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_CONCURRENCY, "8")
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_XUDP_CONCURRENCY, "8")
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_LENGTH, "50-100")
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_INTERVAL, "10-20")
+    }
+
+    private fun ensureDefaultValue(key: String, default: String) {
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(key).isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, default)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun migrateHysteria2PinSHA256() {
+        // Check if migration has already been done
+        val migrationKey = "hysteria2_pin_sha256_migrated"
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(migrationKey, false)) {
+            return
+        }
+
+        val serverList = decodeAllServerList()
+
+        for (guid in serverList) {
+            val profile = decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: continue
+            if (profile.configType != EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) {
+                continue
+            }
+            if (profile.pinSHA256.isNullOrEmpty() || !profile.pinnedCA256.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+                continue
+            }
+            profile.pinnedCA256 = profile.pinSHA256
+            profile.pinSHA256 = null
+            MmkvManager.encodeServerConfig(guid, profile)
+        }
+
+        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(migrationKey, true)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Migrates server list from legacy KEY_ANG_CONFIGS to subscription-based storage.
+     * This method should be called once during app initialization after the storage structure change.
+     * Servers are grouped by their subscriptionId into respective subscription's serverList.
+     * Servers without subscription are moved to the default subscription.
+     * After migration, KEY_ANG_CONFIGS is removed.
+     */
+    private fun migrateServerListToSubscriptions() {
+        // Check if migration has already been done
+        val migrationKey = "server_list_to_subscriptions_migrated"
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(migrationKey, false)) {
+            return
+        }
+
+        // Ensure default subscription exists before migration
+        ensureDefaultSubscription()
+
+        // Read existing server list from legacy KEY_ANG_CONFIGS
+        val oldJson = MmkvManager.readLegacyServerList()
+        if (oldJson.isNullOrBlank()) {
+            // No data to migrate, mark as done
+            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(migrationKey, true)
+            return
+        }
+
+        val guids = JsonUtil.fromJson(oldJson, Array<String>::class.java) ?: run {
+            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(migrationKey, true)
+            return
+        }
+
+        val subscriptionServerMap = mutableMapOf<String, MutableList<String>>()
+
+        // Group servers by subscription (use default subscription for empty subscriptionId)
+        guids.forEach { guid ->
+            val config = decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: return@forEach
+            val subId = config.subscriptionId.ifEmpty { DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID }
+
+            subscriptionServerMap.getOrPut(subId) { mutableListOf() }.add(guid)
+        }
+
+        // Update each subscription's serverList (including default subscription)
+        subscriptionServerMap.forEach { (subId, serverGuids) ->
+            MmkvManager.encodeServerList(serverGuids, subId)
+        }
+
+
+        // Mark migration as complete
+        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(migrationKey, true)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensures the default subscription exists for ungrouped servers.
+     * This subscription is used internally to store servers without a subscription.
+     * Made public for migration in SettingsManager.
+     */
+    private fun ensureDefaultSubscription() {
+        if (decodeSubscription(DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID) == null) {
+            val defaultSub = SubscriptionItem(
+                remarks = "Default",
+            )
+            encodeSubscription(DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, defaultSub)
+
+            // Move top
+            val subsList = decodeSubsList()
+            if (subsList.count() > 1) {
+                swapSubscriptions(0, subsList.count() - 1)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
 }
@@ -1,22 +1,18 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

-import android.content.Context
 import android.os.SystemClock
-import android.text.TextUtils
-import android.util.Log
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.IPAPIInfo
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.responseLength
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import kotlinx.coroutines.currentCoroutineContext
 import kotlinx.coroutines.isActive
-import libv2ray.Libv2ray
 import java.io.IOException
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress
 import java.net.Socket
 import java.net.UnknownHostException
-import kotlin.coroutines.coroutineContext

 object SpeedtestManager {

@@ -33,7 +29,7 @@ object SpeedtestManager {
        var time = -1L
        for (k in 0 until 2) {
            val one = socketConnectTime(url, port)
-            if (!coroutineContext.isActive) {
+            if (!currentCoroutineContext().isActive) {
                break
            }
            if (one != -1L && (time == -1L || one < time)) {
@@ -43,46 +39,6 @@ object SpeedtestManager {
        return time
    }

-    /**
-     * Measures the real ping time using the V2Ray library.
-     *
-     * @param config The configuration string for the V2Ray library.
-     * @return The ping time in milliseconds, or -1 if the ping failed.
-     */
-    fun realPing(config: String): Long {
-        return try {
-            Libv2ray.measureOutboundDelay(config, SettingsManager.getDelayTestUrl())
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to measure outbound delay", e)
-            -1L
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Measures the ping time to a given URL using the system ping command.
-     *
-     * @param url The URL to ping.
-     * @return The ping time in milliseconds as a string, or "-1ms" if the ping failed.
-     */
-    fun ping(url: String): String {
-        try {
-            val command = "/system/bin/ping -c 3 $url"
-            val process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command)
-            val allText = process.inputStream.bufferedReader().use { it.readText() }
-            if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(allText)) {
-                val tempInfo = allText.substring(allText.indexOf("min/avg/max/mdev") + 19)
-                val temps =
-                    tempInfo.split("/".toRegex()).dropLastWhile { it.isEmpty() }.toTypedArray()
-                if (temps.count() > 0 && temps[0].length < 10) {
-                    return temps[0].toFloat().toInt().toString() + "ms"
-                }
-            }
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to ping URL: $url", e)
-        }
-        return "-1ms"
-    }
-
    /**
     * Measures the time taken to establish a TCP connection to a given URL and port.
     *
@@ -105,11 +61,11 @@ object SpeedtestManager {
            socket.close()
            return time
        } catch (e: UnknownHostException) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Unknown host: $url", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Unknown host: $url", e)
        } catch (e: IOException) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "socketConnectTime IOException: $e")
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "socketConnectTime IOException: $e")
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to establish socket connection to $url:$port", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to establish socket connection to $url:$port", e)
        }
        return -1
    }
@@ -126,61 +82,31 @@ object SpeedtestManager {
        }
    }

-    /**
-     * Tests the connection to a given URL and port.
-     *
-     * @param context The Context in which the test is running.
-     * @param port The port to connect to.
-     * @return A pair containing the elapsed time in milliseconds and the result message.
-     */
-    fun testConnection(context: Context, port: Int): Pair<Long, String> {
-        var result: String
-        var elapsed = -1L
-
-        val conn = HttpUtil.createProxyConnection(SettingsManager.getDelayTestUrl(), port, 15000, 15000) ?: return Pair(elapsed, "")
-        try {
-            val start = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime()
-            val code = conn.responseCode
-            elapsed = SystemClock.elapsedRealtime() - start
-
-            if (code == 204 || code == 200 && conn.responseLength == 0L) {
-                result = context.getString(R.string.connection_test_available, elapsed)
-            } else {
-                throw IOException(
-                    context.getString(
-                        R.string.connection_test_error_status_code,
-                        code
-                    )
-                )
-            }
-        } catch (e: IOException) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Connection test IOException", e)
-            result = context.getString(R.string.connection_test_error, e.message)
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Connection test Exception", e)
-            result = context.getString(R.string.connection_test_error, e.message)
-        } finally {
-            conn.disconnect()
-        }
-
-        return Pair(elapsed, result)
-    }
-
    fun getRemoteIPInfo(): String? {
+        val url = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_IP_API_URL)
+            .takeIf { !it.isNullOrBlank() } ?: AppConfig.IP_API_URL
+
+        val proxyUsername = SettingsManager.getSocksUsername()
+        val proxyPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()
        val httpPort = SettingsManager.getHttpPort()
-        var content = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(AppConfig.IP_API_Url, 5000, httpPort) ?: return null
+        if (httpPort == 0) return null
+        val content = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(url, 5000, httpPort, proxyUsername, proxyPassword) ?: return null
+        val ipInfo = JsonUtil.fromJson(content, IPAPIInfo::class.java) ?: return null

-        var ipInfo = JsonUtil.fromJson(content, IPAPIInfo::class.java) ?: return null
-        return "(${ipInfo.country_code}) ${ipInfo.ip}"
+        val ip = listOf(
+            ipInfo.ip,
+            ipInfo.clientIp,
+            ipInfo.ip_addr,
+            ipInfo.query
+        ).firstOrNull { !it.isNullOrBlank() }
+
+        val country = listOf(
+            ipInfo.country_code,
+            ipInfo.country,
+            ipInfo.countryCode,
+            ipInfo.location?.country_code
+        ).firstOrNull { !it.isNullOrBlank() }
+
+        return "(${country ?: "unknown"}) ${ip ?: "unknown"}"
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Gets the version of the V2Ray library.
-     *
-     * @return The version of the V2Ray library.
-     */
-    fun getLibVersion(): String {
-        return Libv2ray.checkVersionX()
-    }
-
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+
+import android.annotation.SuppressLint
+import android.content.Context
+import androidx.work.Constraints
+import androidx.work.CoroutineWorker
+import androidx.work.ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy
+import androidx.work.NetworkType
+import androidx.work.PeriodicWorkRequestBuilder
+import androidx.work.WorkerParameters
+import androidx.work.multiprocess.RemoteWorkManager
+import androidx.work.workDataOf
+import com.v2ray.ang.AngApplication
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionCache
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.NotificationHelper
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NotificationChannelType
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+object SubscriptionUpdater {
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Public API — the only methods external callers should ever use
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Sync all subscription tasks with current settings.
+     *
+     * Startup/boot callers should use the default mode so existing periodic work is kept.
+     * Use forceReschedule=true only when the next run time needs to be recalculated from
+     * the latest persisted subscription state (for example after a manual refresh).
+     * Call from: MainActivity.onCreate(), BootReceiver.onReceive().
+     */
+    fun sync(
+        context: Context = AngApplication.application,
+        forceReschedule: Boolean = false
+    ) {
+        val existingWorkPolicy =
+            if (forceReschedule) {
+                ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy.REPLACE
+            } else {
+                ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy.KEEP
+            }
+
+        MmkvManager.decodeSubscriptions().forEach { sub ->
+            scheduleOne(
+                context = context,
+                subId = sub.guid,
+                shouldRun = sub.subscription.autoUpdate,
+                existingWorkPolicy = existingWorkPolicy
+            )
+        }
+        LogUtil.i(
+            AppConfig.TAG,
+            "SubscriptionUpdater: sync complete forceReschedule=$forceReschedule"
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sync a single subscription's task.
+     * Call from: SubEditActivity after saving, after a manual update (to reset the timer).
+     */
+    fun syncOne(context: Context = AngApplication.application, subId: String) {
+        val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subId) ?: return
+        scheduleOne(
+            context = context,
+            subId = subId,
+            shouldRun = subItem.autoUpdate,
+            existingWorkPolicy = ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy.REPLACE
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cancel the auto-update task for a single subscription.
+     * Call from: when a subscription is deleted.
+     */
+    fun cancelOne(context: Context = AngApplication.application, subId: String) {
+        RemoteWorkManager.getInstance(context)
+            .cancelUniqueWork(taskName(subId))
+    }
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Internal scheduling logic
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    private fun taskName(subId: String) = "${AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_TASK_NAME}_$subId"
+
+    private fun scheduleOne(
+        context: Context,
+        subId: String,
+        shouldRun: Boolean,
+        existingWorkPolicy: ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy
+    ) {
+        val rw = RemoteWorkManager.getInstance(context)
+        if (!shouldRun) {
+            rw.cancelUniqueWork(taskName(subId))
+            LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: cancelled task for $subId")
+            return
+        }
+
+        val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subId) ?: return
+
+        val intervalMinutes = maxOf(
+            AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_MIN_INTERVAL_MINUTES,
+            subItem.updateInterval
+        )
+
+        // Base initial delay on the last successful update time persisted in subscription.
+        val lastUpdated = subItem.lastUpdated
+        val intervalMillis = intervalMinutes * 60 * 1000L
+        val now = System.currentTimeMillis()
+        val initialDelayMillis = if (lastUpdated <= 0L) {
+            0L
+        } else {
+            maxOf(0L, lastUpdated + intervalMillis - now)
+        }
+
+        val request = PeriodicWorkRequestBuilder<UpdateTask>(intervalMinutes, TimeUnit.MINUTES)
+            .setConstraints(
+                Constraints.Builder()
+                    .setRequiredNetworkType(NetworkType.CONNECTED)
+                    .build()
+            )
+            .setInputData(workDataOf(KEY_SUB_ID to subId))
+            .setInitialDelay(initialDelayMillis, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
+            .addTag(AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_TASK_NAME)
+            .build()
+
+        rw.enqueueUniquePeriodicWork(
+            taskName(subId),
+            existingWorkPolicy,
+            request
+        )
+
+        LogUtil.i(
+            AppConfig.TAG,
+            "SubscriptionUpdater: scheduled [$subId] interval=${intervalMinutes}min " +
+                    "initialDelay=${initialDelayMillis / 1000}s policy=$existingWorkPolicy"
+        )
+    }
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Worker
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    private const val KEY_SUB_ID = "subId"
+
+    class UpdateTask(context: Context, params: WorkerParameters) :
+        CoroutineWorker(context, params) {
+
+        @SuppressLint("MissingPermission")
+        override suspend fun doWork(): Result {
+            val subId = inputData.getString(KEY_SUB_ID)
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater automatic update starting: $subId")
+
+            if (subId.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: missing subId in worker input")
+                return Result.success()
+            }
+
+            val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subId)
+            if (subItem == null) {
+                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: no subscription found for $subId")
+                return Result.success()
+            }
+
+            if (!subItem.autoUpdate) {
+                LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: auto-update disabled for $subId, skip")
+                return Result.success()
+            }
+
+            val sub = SubscriptionCache(subId, subItem)
+
+            // Notify about update start
+            NotificationHelper.notify(
+                NotificationChannelType.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE,
+                applicationContext,
+                applicationContext.getString(R.string.title_pref_auto_update_subscription),
+                "Updating ${sub.subscription.remarks}"
+            )
+
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater automatic update: ---${sub.subscription.remarks}")
+            AngConfigManager.updateConfigViaSub(sub)
+
+            // Clear notification
+            NotificationHelper.cancel(NotificationChannelType.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE, applicationContext)
+
+            return Result.success()
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.handler

 import android.content.Context
 import android.os.Build
-import android.util.Log
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.BuildConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CheckUpdateResult
@@ -10,6 +9,7 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.dto.GitHubRelease
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.concatUrl
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
 import java.io.File
@@ -17,78 +17,50 @@ import java.io.FileOutputStream

 object UpdateCheckerManager {
    suspend fun checkForUpdate(includePreRelease: Boolean = false): CheckUpdateResult = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
-        try {
-            val url = if (includePreRelease) {
-                AppConfig.APP_API_URL
-            } else {
-                AppConfig.APP_API_URL.concatUrl("latest")
-            }
-
-            var response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(url, 5000)
-            if (response.isNullOrEmpty()) {
-                val httpPort = SettingsManager.getHttpPort()
-                response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(url, 5000, httpPort) ?: throw IllegalStateException("Failed to get response")
-            }
-
-            val latestRelease = if (includePreRelease) {
-                JsonUtil.fromJson(response, Array<GitHubRelease>::class.java)
-                    .firstOrNull()
-                    ?: throw IllegalStateException("No pre-release found")
-            } else {
-                JsonUtil.fromJson(response, GitHubRelease::class.java)
-            }
-
-            val latestVersion = latestRelease.tagName.removePrefix("v")
-            Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Found new version: $latestVersion (current: ${BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME})")
-
-            return@withContext if (compareVersions(latestVersion, BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME) > 0) {
-                val downloadUrl = getDownloadUrl(latestRelease, Build.SUPPORTED_ABIS[0])
-                CheckUpdateResult(
-                    hasUpdate = true,
-                    latestVersion = latestVersion,
-                    releaseNotes = latestRelease.body,
-                    downloadUrl = downloadUrl,
-                    isPreRelease = latestRelease.prerelease
-                )
-            } else {
-                CheckUpdateResult(hasUpdate = false)
-            }
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to check for updates: ${e.message}")
-            return@withContext CheckUpdateResult(hasUpdate = false, error = e.message)
+        val url = if (includePreRelease) {
+            AppConfig.APP_API_URL
+        } else {
+            AppConfig.APP_API_URL.concatUrl("latest")
        }
-    }

-    suspend fun downloadApk(context: Context, downloadUrl: String): File? = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
-        try {
+        val proxyUsername = SettingsManager.getSocksUsername()
+        val proxyPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()
+
+        var response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(url, 5000)
+        if (response.isNullOrEmpty()) {
            val httpPort = SettingsManager.getHttpPort()
-            val connection = HttpUtil.createProxyConnection(downloadUrl, httpPort, 10000, 10000, true)
-                ?: throw IllegalStateException("Failed to create connection")
+            response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(url, 5000, httpPort, proxyUsername, proxyPassword)
+                ?: throw IllegalStateException("Failed to get response")
+        }

-            try {
-                val apkFile = File(context.cacheDir, "update.apk")
-                Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Downloading APK to: ${apkFile.absolutePath}")
+        val latestRelease = if (includePreRelease) {
+            JsonUtil.fromJson(response, Array<GitHubRelease>::class.java)
+                ?.firstOrNull()
+                ?: throw IllegalStateException("No pre-release found")
+        } else {
+            JsonUtil.fromJson(response, GitHubRelease::class.java)
+        }
+        if (latestRelease == null) {
+            return@withContext CheckUpdateResult(hasUpdate = false)
+        }

-                FileOutputStream(apkFile).use { outputStream ->
-                    connection.inputStream.use { inputStream ->
-                        inputStream.copyTo(outputStream)
-                    }
-                }
-                Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "APK download completed")
-                return@withContext apkFile
-            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to download APK: ${e.message}")
-                return@withContext null
-            } finally {
-                try {
-                    connection.disconnect()
-                } catch (e: Exception) {
-                    Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Error closing connection: ${e.message}")
-                }
-            }
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to initiate download: ${e.message}")
-            return@withContext null
+        val latestVersion = latestRelease.tagName.removePrefix("v")
+        LogUtil.i(
+            AppConfig.TAG,
+            "Found new version: $latestVersion (current: ${BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME})"
+        )
+
+        return@withContext if (compareVersions(latestVersion, BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME) > 0) {
+            val downloadUrl = getDownloadUrl(latestRelease, Build.SUPPORTED_ABIS[0])
+            CheckUpdateResult(
+                hasUpdate = true,
+                latestVersion = latestVersion,
+                releaseNotes = latestRelease.body,
+                downloadUrl = downloadUrl,
+                isPreRelease = latestRelease.prerelease
+            )
+        } else {
+            CheckUpdateResult(hasUpdate = false)
        }
    }

@@ -105,8 +77,19 @@ object UpdateCheckerManager {
    }

    private fun getDownloadUrl(release: GitHubRelease, abi: String): String {
-        return release.assets.find { it.name.contains(abi) }?.browserDownloadUrl
-            ?: release.assets.firstOrNull()?.browserDownloadUrl
+        val fDroid = "fdroid"
+
+        val assetsByAbi = release.assets.filter {
+            (it.name.contains(abi, true))
+        }
+
+        val asset = if (BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID.contains(fDroid, ignoreCase = true)) {
+            assetsByAbi.firstOrNull { it.name.contains(fDroid) }
+        } else {
+            assetsByAbi.firstOrNull { !it.name.contains(fDroid) }
+        }
+
+        return asset?.browserDownloadUrl
            ?: throw IllegalStateException("No compatible APK found")
    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.WebDavConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
+import okhttp3.Credentials
+import okhttp3.MediaType.Companion.toMediaTypeOrNull
+import okhttp3.OkHttpClient
+import okhttp3.Request
+import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.asRequestBody
+import java.io.File
+import java.io.FileOutputStream
+import java.net.URL
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+object WebDavManager {
+    private var cfg: WebDavConfig? = null
+    private var client: OkHttpClient? = null
+
+    /**
+     * Initialize the WebDAV manager with a configuration and build an OkHttp client.
+     *
+     * @param config WebDavConfig containing baseUrl, credentials, remoteBasePath and timeoutSeconds.
+     */
+    fun init(config: WebDavConfig) {
+        cfg = config
+        client = OkHttpClient.Builder()
+            .connectTimeout(config.timeoutSeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+            .readTimeout(config.timeoutSeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+            .writeTimeout(config.timeoutSeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+            .callTimeout(config.timeoutSeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+            .build()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Upload a local file to a remote file name under the configured remoteBasePath.
+     * The provided `remoteFileName` should be a file name (e.g. "backup_ng.zip").
+     * The method will attempt to create parent directories via MKCOL before PUT.
+     *
+     * @param localFile File to upload.
+     * @param remoteFileName Remote file name relative to configured remoteBasePath.
+     * @return true if upload succeeded (HTTP 2xx), false otherwise.
+     */
+    suspend fun uploadFile(localFile: File, remoteFileName: String): Boolean = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
+        val remote = buildRemoteUrl(remoteFileName)
+        try {
+            val cl = client ?: return@withContext false
+
+            // Ensure parent directories exist
+            val dirPath = remote.substringBeforeLast('/')
+            if (dirPath != remote) {
+                ensureRemoteDirs(dirPath)
+            }
+
+            // Determine content type based on file extension
+            val mediaType = when (localFile.extension.lowercase()) {
+                "zip" -> "application/zip"
+                "json" -> "application/json"
+                "txt" -> "text/plain"
+                else -> "application/octet-stream"
+            }.toMediaTypeOrNull()
+
+            val body = localFile.asRequestBody(mediaType)
+            val req = applyAuth(Request.Builder().url(remote).put(body)).build()
+            cl.newCall(req).execute().use { resp ->
+                val success = resp.isSuccessful
+                if (success) {
+                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "WebDAV upload success: $remote")
+                } else {
+                    LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "WebDAV upload failed: $remote (HTTP ${resp.code})")
+                }
+                return@withContext success
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "WebDAV upload exception: $remote", e)
+            return@withContext false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Download a remote file (relative to configured remoteBasePath) into a local file.
+     *
+     * @param remoteFileName Remote file name relative to configured remoteBasePath.
+     * @param destFile Local destination file to write to.
+     * @return true if download and write succeeded, false otherwise.
+     */
+    suspend fun downloadFile(remoteFileName: String, destFile: File): Boolean = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
+        val remote = buildRemoteUrl(remoteFileName)
+        try {
+            val cl = client ?: return@withContext false
+            val req = applyAuth(Request.Builder().url(remote).get()).build()
+            cl.newCall(req).execute().use { resp ->
+                if (!resp.isSuccessful) {
+                    LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "WebDAV download failed: $remote (HTTP ${resp.code})")
+                    return@withContext false
+                }
+
+                resp.body.byteStream().use { input ->
+                    destFile.parentFile?.mkdirs()
+                    FileOutputStream(destFile).use { fos ->
+                        input.copyTo(fos)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "WebDAV download success: $remote")
+                return@withContext true
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "WebDAV download exception: $remote", e)
+            return@withContext false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build a full remote URL by combining the configured base URL, the configured
+     * remote base path and a file name provided by the caller.
+     *
+     * Example: baseUrl="https://example.com/remote.php/dav", remoteBasePath="backups",
+     * remoteFileName="backup_ng.zip" => "https://example.com/remote.php/dav/backups/backup_ng.zip"
+     *
+     * @param remoteFileName A file name relative to the configured remoteBasePath (no leading slash required).
+     * @return Full URL string used for HTTP operations.
+     */
+    private fun buildRemoteUrl(remoteFileName: String): String {
+        val base = cfg?.baseUrl?.trimEnd('/') ?: ""
+        // Use configured remoteBasePath when not empty; otherwise fallback to AppConfig.WEBDAV_BACKUP_DIR
+        val basePathConfigured = cfg?.remoteBasePath?.trim('/')?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
+        val basePath = basePathConfigured ?: AppConfig.WEBDAV_BACKUP_DIR
+        val rel = remoteFileName.trimStart('/')
+        return if (basePath.isEmpty()) "$base/$rel" else "$base/$basePath/$rel"
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply HTTP Basic authentication headers to the given request builder when
+     * username is configured in `cfg`.
+     *
+     * @param builder OkHttp Request.Builder to modify.
+     * @return The same builder instance with Authorization header applied if credentials exist.
+     */
+    private fun applyAuth(builder: Request.Builder): Request.Builder {
+        val username = cfg?.username
+        val password = cfg?.password
+        if (!username.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            builder.header("Authorization", Credentials.basic(username, password ?: ""))
+        }
+        return builder
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Ensure that each directory segment in the given directory URL exists on the
+     * WebDAV server. This issues MKCOL requests for each segment in a best-effort
+     * manner and ignores errors for segments that already exist.
+     *
+     * @param dirUrl Absolute URL to the directory that should exist (e.g. https://.../backups)
+     */
+    private fun ensureRemoteDirs(dirUrl: String) {
+        try {
+            val cl = client ?: return
+            val url = URL(dirUrl)
+            val segments = url.path.split("/").filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+            var accum = ""
+            for (seg in segments) {
+                accum += "/$seg"
+                val mkUrl = URL(url.protocol, url.host, if (url.port == -1) -1 else url.port, accum).toString()
+                try {
+                    val req = applyAuth(Request.Builder().url(mkUrl).method("MKCOL", null)).build()
+                    cl.newCall(req).execute().use { resp ->
+                        // 201 Created or 405 Method Not Allowed (already exists) are acceptable
+                        if (resp.code != 201 && resp.code != 405 && resp.code != 409) {
+                            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "WebDAV MKCOL $mkUrl returned ${resp.code}")
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (_: Exception) {
+                    // best-effort, continue
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "WebDAV ensureRemoteDirs error", e)
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.helper
+
+import android.content.ActivityNotFoundException
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.net.Uri
+import androidx.activity.result.ActivityResultLauncher
+import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts
+import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+
+/**
+ * Helper for choosing and creating files using Android Storage Access Framework.
+ * Supports both file selection (ACTION_GET_CONTENT) and file creation (CreateDocument).
+ */
+class FileChooserHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
+    private var fileChooserCallback: ((Uri?) -> Unit)? = null
+    private var documentCreateCallback: ((Uri?) -> Unit)? = null
+
+    private val fileChooserLauncher: ActivityResultLauncher<Intent> =
+        activity.registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.StartActivityForResult()) { result ->
+            val uri = result.data?.data
+            if (result.resultCode == AppCompatActivity.RESULT_OK && uri != null) {
+                fileChooserCallback?.invoke(uri)
+            } else {
+                fileChooserCallback?.invoke(null)
+            }
+            fileChooserCallback = null
+        }
+
+    private val documentCreateLauncher: ActivityResultLauncher<String> =
+        activity.registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.CreateDocument("application/zip")) { uri ->
+            documentCreateCallback?.invoke(uri)
+            documentCreateCallback = null
+        }
+
+    /**
+     * Launch file chooser with ACTION_GET_CONTENT intent to select an existing file.
+     *
+     * @param mimeType MIME type filter for files
+     * @param onResult Callback invoked with the selected file URI (null if cancelled)
+     */
+    fun launch(
+        mimeType: String = "*/*",
+        onResult: (Uri?) -> Unit
+    ) {
+        fileChooserCallback = onResult
+
+        val intent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_GET_CONTENT).apply {
+            type = mimeType
+            addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_OPENABLE)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            fileChooserLauncher.launch(
+                Intent.createChooser(intent, activity.getString(R.string.title_file_chooser))
+            )
+        } catch (ex: ActivityNotFoundException) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "File chooser activity not found", ex)
+            activity.toast(R.string.toast_require_file_manager)
+            fileChooserCallback?.invoke(null)
+            fileChooserCallback = null
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Launch document creator to create a new file at user-selected location.
+     *
+     * @param fileName Default file name for the new document
+     * @param onResult Callback invoked with the created file URI (null if cancelled)
+     */
+    fun createDocument(
+        fileName: String,
+        onResult: (Uri?) -> Unit
+    ) {
+        documentCreateCallback = onResult
+        try {
+            documentCreateLauncher.launch(fileName)
+        } catch (ex: ActivityNotFoundException) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Document creator activity not found", ex)
+            activity.toast(R.string.toast_require_file_manager)
+            documentCreateCallback?.invoke(null)
+            documentCreateCallback = null
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.helper
+
+import androidx.preference.PreferenceDataStore
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsChangeManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+
+/**
+ * PreferenceDataStore implementation that bridges AndroidX Preference framework to MMKV storage.
+ * This ensures that all Preference UI operations read/write directly from/to MMKV,
+ * avoiding inconsistencies between SharedPreferences and MMKV.
+ */
+class MmkvPreferenceDataStore : PreferenceDataStore() {
+
+    override fun putString(key: String, value: String?) {
+        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
+        notifySettingChanged(key)
+    }
+
+    override fun getString(key: String, defaultValue: String?): String? {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(key, defaultValue)
+    }
+
+    override fun putInt(key: String, value: Int) {
+        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
+        notifySettingChanged(key)
+    }
+
+    override fun getInt(key: String, defaultValue: Int): Int {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsInt(key, defaultValue)
+    }
+
+    override fun putLong(key: String, value: Long) {
+        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
+        notifySettingChanged(key)
+    }
+
+    override fun getLong(key: String, defaultValue: Long): Long {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsLong(key, defaultValue)
+    }
+
+    override fun putFloat(key: String, value: Float) {
+        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
+        notifySettingChanged(key)
+    }
+
+    override fun getFloat(key: String, defaultValue: Float): Float {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsFloat(key, defaultValue)
+    }
+
+    override fun putBoolean(key: String, value: Boolean) {
+        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
+        notifySettingChanged(key)
+    }
+
+    override fun getBoolean(key: String, defaultValue: Boolean): Boolean {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(key, defaultValue)
+    }
+
+    override fun putStringSet(key: String, values: MutableSet<String>?) {
+        if (values == null) {
+            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, null as String?)
+        } else {
+            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, values)
+        }
+        notifySettingChanged(key)
+    }
+
+    override fun getStringSet(key: String, defaultValues: MutableSet<String>?): MutableSet<String>? {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsStringSet(key) ?: defaultValues
+    }
+
+    // Internal helper: notify other modules about setting changes
+    private fun notifySettingChanged(key: String) {
+        if (key == AppConfig.PREF_LOGLEVEL) {
+            LogUtil.refreshLogLevel()
+        }
+
+        // Call SettingsManager.setNightMode if UI mode changed
+        if (key == AppConfig.PREF_UI_MODE_NIGHT) {
+            SettingsManager.setNightMode()
+        }
+        // Notify listeners that require service restart or reinit
+        SettingsChangeManager.makeRestartService()
+        SettingsChangeManager.makeSetupGroupTab()
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.helper
+
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager
+import androidx.activity.result.ActivityResultLauncher
+import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts
+import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
+import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.PermissionType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
+
+/**
+ * Helper for requesting permissions.
+ */
+class PermissionHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
+    private var permissionCallback: ((Boolean) -> Unit)? = null
+
+    private val permissionLauncher: ActivityResultLauncher<String> =
+        activity.registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.RequestPermission()) { isGranted ->
+            permissionCallback?.invoke(isGranted)
+            permissionCallback = null
+        }
+
+    /**
+     * Check the permission and request it if not granted.
+     *
+     * @param permissionType the type of permission
+     * @param onGranted called when permission is granted (called immediately if already granted)
+     */
+    fun request(permissionType: PermissionType, onGranted: () -> Unit) {
+        val permission = permissionType.getPermission()
+        if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(activity, permission) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
+            onGranted()
+        } else {
+            permissionCallback = { isGranted ->
+                if (isGranted) {
+                    onGranted()
+                } else {
+                    val message = "${activity.getString(R.string.toast_permission_denied)}  ${permissionType.getLabel()}"
+                    activity.toast(message)
+                }
+            }
+            permissionLauncher.launch(permission)
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.helper
+
+import android.content.Intent
+import androidx.activity.result.ActivityResultLauncher
+import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts
+import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
+import com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScannerActivity
+
+/**
+ * Helper for scanning QR codes.
+ *
+ * This class encapsulates the logic for launching the QR code scanner activity
+ * and handling the scan result.
+ */
+class QRCodeScannerHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
+    private var scanCallback: ((String?) -> Unit)? = null
+
+    private val scanLauncher: ActivityResultLauncher<Intent> =
+        activity.registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.StartActivityForResult()) { result ->
+            if (result.resultCode == AppCompatActivity.RESULT_OK) {
+                val scanResult = result.data?.getStringExtra("SCAN_RESULT")
+                scanCallback?.invoke(scanResult)
+            } else {
+                scanCallback?.invoke(null)
+            }
+            scanCallback = null
+        }
+
+    /**
+     * Launch the QR code scanner activity.
+     *
+     * @param onResult Callback invoked with the scan result (null if cancelled or failed)
+     */
+    fun launch(onResult: (String?) -> Unit) {
+        scanCallback = onResult
+        scanLauncher.launch(Intent(activity, ScannerActivity::class.java))
+    }
+}
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ import kotlin.math.sign
 *
 * @author Paul Burke (ipaulpro)
 */
-class SimpleItemTouchHelperCallback(private val mAdapter: ItemTouchHelperAdapter) : ItemTouchHelper.Callback() {
+class SimpleItemTouchHelperCallback(private val mAdapter: ItemTouchHelperAdapter, private val allowSwipe: Boolean = false) : ItemTouchHelper.Callback() {
    private var mReturnAnimator: ValueAnimator? = null

    override fun isLongPressDragEnabled(): Boolean = true

-    override fun isItemViewSwipeEnabled(): Boolean = true
+    override fun isItemViewSwipeEnabled(): Boolean = allowSwipe

    override fun getMovementFlags(
        recyclerView: RecyclerView,
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ class SimpleItemTouchHelperCallback(private val mAdapter: ItemTouchHelperAdapter
        val swipeFlags: Int
        if (recyclerView.layoutManager is GridLayoutManager) {
            dragFlags = ItemTouchHelper.UP or ItemTouchHelper.DOWN or ItemTouchHelper.LEFT or ItemTouchHelper.RIGHT
-            swipeFlags = ItemTouchHelper.START or ItemTouchHelper.END
+            swipeFlags = if (allowSwipe) ItemTouchHelper.START or ItemTouchHelper.END else 0
        } else {
            dragFlags = ItemTouchHelper.UP or ItemTouchHelper.DOWN
-            swipeFlags = ItemTouchHelper.START or ItemTouchHelper.END
+            swipeFlags = if (allowSwipe) ItemTouchHelper.START or ItemTouchHelper.END else 0
        }
        return makeMovementFlags(dragFlags, swipeFlags)
    }
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-/******************************************************************************
- *                                                                            *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by nekohasekai <contact-sagernet@sekai.icu>             *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by Max Lv <max.c.lv@gmail.com>                          *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by Mygod Studio <contact-shadowsocks-android@mygod.be>  *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify       *
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by       *
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or          *
- *  (at your option) any later version.                                       *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,            *
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of             *
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the              *
- * GNU General Public License for more details.                               *
- *                                                                            *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License          *
- * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.       *
- *                                                                            *
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-package com.v2ray.ang.plugin
-
-import android.content.pm.ResolveInfo
-
-class NativePlugin(resolveInfo: ResolveInfo) : ResolvedPlugin(resolveInfo) {
-    init {
-        check(resolveInfo.providerInfo != null)
-    }
-
-    override val componentInfo get() = resolveInfo.providerInfo!!
-}
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-/******************************************************************************
- *                                                                            *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by nekohasekai <contact-sagernet@sekai.icu>             *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by Max Lv <max.c.lv@gmail.com>                          *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by Mygod Studio <contact-shadowsocks-android@mygod.be>  *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify       *
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by       *
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or          *
- *  (at your option) any later version.                                       *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,            *
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of             *
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the              *
- * GNU General Public License for more details.                               *
- *                                                                            *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License          *
- * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.       *
- *                                                                            *
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-package com.v2ray.ang.plugin
-
-import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable
-
-abstract class Plugin {
-    abstract val id: String
-    abstract val label: CharSequence
-    abstract val version: Int
-    abstract val versionName: String
-    open val icon: Drawable? get() = null
-    open val defaultConfig: String? get() = null
-    open val packageName: String get() = ""
-    open val directBootAware: Boolean get() = true
-
-    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        if (this === other) return true
-        if (javaClass != other?.javaClass) return false
-        return id == (other as Plugin).id
-    }
-
-    override fun hashCode() = id.hashCode()
-}
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-/******************************************************************************
- *                                                                            *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by nekohasekai <contact-sagernet@sekai.icu>             *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify       *
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by       *
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or          *
- *  (at your option) any later version.                                       *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,            *
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of             *
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the              *
- * GNU General Public License for more details.                               *
- *                                                                            *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License          *
- * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.       *
- *                                                                            *
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-package com.v2ray.ang.plugin
-
-object PluginContract {
-
-    const val ACTION_NATIVE_PLUGIN = "io.nekohasekai.sagernet.plugin.ACTION_NATIVE_PLUGIN"
-    const val EXTRA_ENTRY = "io.nekohasekai.sagernet.plugin.EXTRA_ENTRY"
-    const val METADATA_KEY_ID = "io.nekohasekai.sagernet.plugin.id"
-    const val METADATA_KEY_EXECUTABLE_PATH = "io.nekohasekai.sagernet.plugin.executable_path"
-    const val METHOD_GET_EXECUTABLE = "sagernet:getExecutable"
-
-    const val COLUMN_PATH = "path"
-    const val COLUMN_MODE = "mode"
-    const val SCHEME = "plugin"
-}
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-/******************************************************************************
- *                                                                            *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by nekohasekai <contact-sagernet@sekai.icu>             *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by Max Lv <max.c.lv@gmail.com>                          *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by Mygod Studio <contact-shadowsocks-android@mygod.be>  *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify       *
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by       *
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or          *
- *  (at your option) any later version.                                       *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,            *
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of             *
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the              *
- * GNU General Public License for more details.                               *
- *                                                                            *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License          *
- * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.       *
- *                                                                            *
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-package com.v2ray.ang.plugin
-
-import android.content.Intent
-import android.content.pm.PackageManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.AngApplication
-
-class PluginList : ArrayList<Plugin>() {
-    init {
-        addAll(
-            AngApplication.application.packageManager.queryIntentContentProviders(
-                Intent(PluginContract.ACTION_NATIVE_PLUGIN), PackageManager.GET_META_DATA
-            )
-                .filter { it.providerInfo.exported }.map { NativePlugin(it) })
-    }
-
-    val lookup = mutableMapOf<String, Plugin>().apply {
-        for (plugin in this@PluginList.toList()) {
-            fun check(old: Plugin?) {
-                if (old != null && old != plugin) {
-                    this@PluginList.remove(old)
-                }
-                /* if (old != null && old !== plugin) {
-                     val packages = this@PluginList.filter { it.id == plugin.id }
-                         .joinToString { it.packageName }
-                     val message = "Conflicting plugins found from: $packages"
-                     Toast.makeText(SagerNet.application, message, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
-                     throw IllegalStateException(message)
-                 }*/
-            }
-            check(put(plugin.id, plugin))
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,233 +0,0 @@
-/******************************************************************************
- *                                                                            *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by nekohasekai <contact-AngApplication@sekai.icu>             *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by Max Lv <max.c.lv@gmail.com>                          *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by Mygod Studio <contact-shadowsocks-android@mygod.be>  *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify       *
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by       *
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or          *
- *  (at your option) any later version.                                       *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,            *
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of             *
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the              *
- * GNU General Public License for more details.                               *
- *                                                                            *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License          *
- * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.       *
- *                                                                            *
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-package com.v2ray.ang.plugin
-
-import android.annotation.SuppressLint
-import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
-import android.content.ContentResolver
-import android.content.Intent
-import android.content.pm.ComponentInfo
-import android.content.pm.PackageManager
-import android.content.pm.ProviderInfo
-import android.database.Cursor
-import android.net.Uri
-import android.os.Build
-import android.system.Os
-import androidx.core.os.bundleOf
-import com.v2ray.ang.AngApplication
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.listenForPackageChanges
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
-import com.v2ray.ang.plugin.PluginContract.METADATA_KEY_ID
-import java.io.File
-import java.io.FileNotFoundException
-
-object PluginManager {
-
-    class PluginNotFoundException(val plugin: String) : FileNotFoundException(plugin)
-
-    private var receiver: BroadcastReceiver? = null
-    private var cachedPlugins: PluginList? = null
-    fun fetchPlugins() = synchronized(this) {
-        if (receiver == null) receiver = AngApplication.application.listenForPackageChanges {
-            synchronized(this) {
-                receiver = null
-                cachedPlugins = null
-            }
-        }
-        if (cachedPlugins == null) cachedPlugins = PluginList()
-        cachedPlugins!!
-    }
-
-    private fun buildUri(id: String, authority: String) = Uri.Builder()
-        .scheme(PluginContract.SCHEME)
-        .authority(authority)
-        .path("/$id")
-        .build()
-
-    data class InitResult(
-        val path: String,
-    )
-
-    @Throws(Throwable::class)
-    fun init(pluginId: String): InitResult? {
-        if (pluginId.isEmpty()) return null
-        var throwable: Throwable? = null
-
-        try {
-            val result = initNative(pluginId)
-            if (result != null) return result
-        } catch (t: Throwable) {
-            if (throwable == null) throwable = t  //Logs.w(t)
-        }
-
-        throw throwable ?: PluginNotFoundException(pluginId)
-    }
-
-    private fun initNative(pluginId: String): InitResult? {
-        var flags = PackageManager.GET_META_DATA
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 24) {
-            flags =
-                flags or PackageManager.MATCH_DIRECT_BOOT_UNAWARE or PackageManager.MATCH_DIRECT_BOOT_AWARE
-        }
-        var providers = AngApplication.application.packageManager.queryIntentContentProviders(
-            Intent(PluginContract.ACTION_NATIVE_PLUGIN, buildUri(pluginId, "com.github.dyhkwong.AngApplication")), flags
-        )
-            .filter { it.providerInfo.exported }
-        if (providers.isEmpty()) {
-            providers = AngApplication.application.packageManager.queryIntentContentProviders(
-                Intent(PluginContract.ACTION_NATIVE_PLUGIN, buildUri(pluginId, "io.nekohasekai.AngApplication")), flags
-            )
-                .filter { it.providerInfo.exported }
-        }
-        if (providers.isEmpty()) {
-            providers = AngApplication.application.packageManager.queryIntentContentProviders(
-                Intent(PluginContract.ACTION_NATIVE_PLUGIN, buildUri(pluginId, "moe.matsuri.lite")), flags
-            )
-                .filter { it.providerInfo.exported }
-        }
-        if (providers.isEmpty()) {
-            providers = AngApplication.application.packageManager.queryIntentContentProviders(
-                Intent(PluginContract.ACTION_NATIVE_PLUGIN, buildUri(pluginId, "fr.husi")), flags
-            )
-                .filter { it.providerInfo.exported }
-        }
-        if (providers.isEmpty()) {
-            providers = AngApplication.application.packageManager.queryIntentContentProviders(
-                Intent(PluginContract.ACTION_NATIVE_PLUGIN), PackageManager.GET_META_DATA
-            ).filter {
-                it.providerInfo.exported &&
-                        it.providerInfo.metaData.containsKey(METADATA_KEY_ID) &&
-                        it.providerInfo.metaData.getString(METADATA_KEY_ID) == pluginId
-            }
-            if (providers.size > 1) {
-                providers = listOf(providers[0]) // What if there is more than one?
-            }
-        }
-        if (providers.isEmpty()) return null
-        if (providers.size > 1) {
-            val message =
-                "Conflicting plugins found from: ${providers.joinToString { it.providerInfo.packageName }}"
-            AngApplication.application.toast(message)
-            throw IllegalStateException(message)
-        }
-        val provider = providers.single().providerInfo
-        var failure: Throwable? = null
-        try {
-            initNativeFaster(provider)?.also { return InitResult(it) }
-        } catch (t: Throwable) {
-            //   Logs.w("Initializing native plugin faster mode failed")
-            failure = t
-        }
-
-        val uri = Uri.Builder().apply {
-            scheme(ContentResolver.SCHEME_CONTENT)
-            authority(provider.authority)
-        }.build()
-        try {
-            return initNativeFast(
-                AngApplication.application.contentResolver,
-                pluginId,
-                uri
-            )?.let { InitResult(it) }
-        } catch (t: Throwable) {
-            //  Logs.w("Initializing native plugin fast mode failed")
-            failure?.also { t.addSuppressed(it) }
-            failure = t
-        }
-
-        try {
-            return initNativeSlow(
-                AngApplication.application.contentResolver,
-                pluginId,
-                uri
-            )?.let { InitResult(it) }
-        } catch (t: Throwable) {
-            failure?.also { t.addSuppressed(it) }
-            throw t
-        }
-    }
-
-    private fun initNativeFaster(provider: ProviderInfo): String? {
-        return provider.loadString(PluginContract.METADATA_KEY_EXECUTABLE_PATH)
-            ?.let { relativePath ->
-                File(provider.applicationInfo.nativeLibraryDir).resolve(relativePath).apply {
-                    check(canExecute())
-                }.absolutePath
-            }
-    }
-
-    private fun initNativeFast(cr: ContentResolver, pluginId: String, uri: Uri): String? {
-        return cr.call(uri, PluginContract.METHOD_GET_EXECUTABLE, null, bundleOf())
-            ?.getString(PluginContract.EXTRA_ENTRY)?.also {
-                check(File(it).canExecute())
-            }
-    }
-
-    @SuppressLint("Recycle")
-    private fun initNativeSlow(cr: ContentResolver, pluginId: String, uri: Uri): String? {
-        var initialized = false
-        fun entryNotFound(): Nothing =
-            throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Plugin entry binary not found")
-
-        val pluginDir = File(AngApplication.application.noBackupFilesDir, "plugin")
-        (cr.query(
-            uri,
-            arrayOf(PluginContract.COLUMN_PATH, PluginContract.COLUMN_MODE),
-            null,
-            null,
-            null
-        )
-            ?: return null).use { cursor ->
-            if (!cursor.moveToFirst()) entryNotFound()
-            pluginDir.deleteRecursively()
-            if (!pluginDir.mkdirs()) throw FileNotFoundException("Unable to create plugin directory")
-            val pluginDirPath = pluginDir.absolutePath + '/'
-            do {
-                val path = cursor.getString(0)
-                val file = File(pluginDir, path)
-                check(file.absolutePath.startsWith(pluginDirPath))
-                cr.openInputStream(uri.buildUpon().path(path).build())!!.use { inStream ->
-                    file.outputStream().use { outStream -> inStream.copyTo(outStream) }
-                }
-                Os.chmod(
-                    file.absolutePath, when (cursor.getType(1)) {
-                        Cursor.FIELD_TYPE_INTEGER -> cursor.getInt(1)
-                        Cursor.FIELD_TYPE_STRING -> cursor.getString(1).toInt(8)
-                        else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("File mode should be of type int")
-                    }
-                )
-                if (path == pluginId) initialized = true
-            } while (cursor.moveToNext())
-        }
-        if (!initialized) entryNotFound()
-        return File(pluginDir, pluginId).absolutePath
-    }
-
-    fun ComponentInfo.loadString(key: String) = when (val value = metaData.getString(key)) {
-        is String -> value
-//        is Int -> AngApplication.application.packageManager.getResourcesForApplication(applicationInfo)
-//            .getString(value)
-
-        null -> null
-        else -> error("meta-data $key has invalid type ${value.javaClass}")
-    }
-}
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-/******************************************************************************
- *                                                                            *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by nekohasekai <contact-sagernet@sekai.icu>             *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by Max Lv <max.c.lv@gmail.com>                          *
- * Copyright (C) 2021 by Mygod Studio <contact-shadowsocks-android@mygod.be>  *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify       *
- * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by       *
- * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or          *
- *  (at your option) any later version.                                       *
- *                                                                            *
- * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,            *
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of             *
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the              *
- * GNU General Public License for more details.                               *
- *                                                                            *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License          *
- * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.       *
- *                                                                            *
- ******************************************************************************/
-
-package com.v2ray.ang.plugin
-
-import android.content.pm.ComponentInfo
-import android.content.pm.PackageManager
-import android.content.pm.ResolveInfo
-import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable
-import android.os.Build
-import com.v2ray.ang.AngApplication
-import com.v2ray.ang.plugin.PluginManager.loadString
-
-abstract class ResolvedPlugin(protected val resolveInfo: ResolveInfo) : Plugin() {
-    protected abstract val componentInfo: ComponentInfo
-
-    override val id by lazy { componentInfo.loadString(PluginContract.METADATA_KEY_ID)!! }
-    override val version by lazy {
-        getPackageInfo(componentInfo.packageName).versionCode
-    }
-    override val versionName: String by lazy {
-        getPackageInfo(componentInfo.packageName).versionName!!
-    }
-    override val label: CharSequence get() = resolveInfo.loadLabel(AngApplication.application.packageManager)
-    override val icon: Drawable get() = resolveInfo.loadIcon(AngApplication.application.packageManager)
-    override val packageName: String get() = componentInfo.packageName
-    override val directBootAware get() = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 24 || componentInfo.directBootAware
-
-    fun getPackageInfo(packageName: String) = AngApplication.application.packageManager.getPackageInfo(
-        packageName, if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= 28) PackageManager.GET_SIGNING_CERTIFICATES
-        else @Suppress("DEPRECATION") PackageManager.GET_SIGNATURES
-    )!!
-}
@@ -3,8 +3,11 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.receiver
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.service.V2RayServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SubscriptionUpdater
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil

 class BootReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {
    /**
@@ -16,8 +19,25 @@ class BootReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {
     * @param intent The Intent being received.
     */
    override fun onReceive(context: Context?, intent: Intent?) {
-        if (context == null || intent?.action != Intent.ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED) return
-        if (!MmkvManager.decodeStartOnBoot() || MmkvManager.getSelectServer().isNullOrEmpty()) return
-        V2RayServiceManager.startVService(context)
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "BootReceiver received: ${intent?.action}")
+
+        if (context == null || intent?.action != Intent.ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "BootReceiver: Invalid context or action")
+            return
+        }
+
+        if (!MmkvManager.decodeStartOnBoot()) {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "BootReceiver: Auto-start on boot is disabled")
+            return
+        }
+
+        if (MmkvManager.getSelectServer().isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "BootReceiver: No server selected")
+            return
+        }
+
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "BootReceiver: Starting V2Ray service")
+        CoreServiceManager.startVService(context)
+        SubscriptionUpdater.sync(context)
    }
 }
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
 import android.text.TextUtils
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.service.V2RayServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil

 class TaskerReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {

@@ -27,15 +28,15 @@ class TaskerReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {
                return
            } else if (switch) {
                if (guid == AppConfig.TASKER_DEFAULT_GUID) {
-                    V2RayServiceManager.startVServiceFromToggle(context)
+                    CoreServiceManager.startVServiceFromToggle(context)
                } else {
-                    V2RayServiceManager.startVService(context, guid)
+                    CoreServiceManager.startVService(context, guid)
                }
            } else {
-                V2RayServiceManager.stopVService(context)
+                CoreServiceManager.stopVService(context)
            }
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            android.util.Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Error processing Tasker broadcast", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Error processing Tasker broadcast", e)
        }
    }
 }
@@ -6,11 +6,10 @@ import android.appwidget.AppWidgetProvider
 import android.content.ComponentName
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
-import android.os.Build
 import android.widget.RemoteViews
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
-import com.v2ray.ang.service.V2RayServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager

 class WidgetProvider : AppWidgetProvider() {
    /**
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class WidgetProvider : AppWidgetProvider() {
     */
    override fun onUpdate(context: Context, appWidgetManager: AppWidgetManager, appWidgetIds: IntArray) {
        super.onUpdate(context, appWidgetManager, appWidgetIds)
-        updateWidgetBackground(context, appWidgetManager, appWidgetIds, V2RayServiceManager.isRunning())
+        updateWidgetBackground(context, appWidgetManager, appWidgetIds, CoreServiceManager.isRunning())
    }

    /**
@@ -42,11 +41,7 @@ class WidgetProvider : AppWidgetProvider() {
            context,
            R.id.layout_switch,
            intent,
-            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
-                PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE or PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT
-            } else {
-                PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT
-            }
+            PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE or PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT
        )
        remoteViews.setOnClickPendingIntent(R.id.layout_switch, pendingIntent)
        if (isRunning) {
@@ -72,10 +67,10 @@ class WidgetProvider : AppWidgetProvider() {
    override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {
        super.onReceive(context, intent)
        if (AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_WIDGET_CLICK == intent.action) {
-            if (V2RayServiceManager.isRunning()) {
-                V2RayServiceManager.stopVService(context)
+            if (CoreServiceManager.isRunning()) {
+                CoreServiceManager.stopVService(context)
            } else {
-                V2RayServiceManager.startVServiceFromToggle(context)
+                CoreServiceManager.startVServiceFromToggle(context)
            }
        } else if (AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_ACTIVITY == intent.action) {
            AppWidgetManager.getInstance(context)?.let { manager ->
@@ -3,20 +3,23 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.service
 import android.app.Service
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
-import android.os.Build
 import android.os.IBinder
-import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.ServiceControl
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.MyContextWrapper
 import java.lang.ref.SoftReference

-class V2RayProxyOnlyService : Service(), ServiceControl {
+class CoreProxyOnlyService : Service(), ServiceControl {
    /**
     * Initializes the service.
     */
    override fun onCreate() {
        super.onCreate()
-        V2RayServiceManager.serviceControl = SoftReference(this)
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Proxy: Service created")
+        CoreServiceManager.serviceControl = SoftReference(this)
    }

    /**
@@ -27,7 +30,8 @@ class V2RayProxyOnlyService : Service(), ServiceControl {
     * @return The start mode.
     */
    override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {
-        V2RayServiceManager.startCoreLoop()
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Proxy: Service command received")
+        CoreServiceManager.startCoreLoop(null)
        return START_STICKY
    }

@@ -36,7 +40,7 @@ class V2RayProxyOnlyService : Service(), ServiceControl {
     */
    override fun onDestroy() {
        super.onDestroy()
-        V2RayServiceManager.stopCoreLoop()
+        CoreServiceManager.stopCoreLoop()
    }

    /**
@@ -83,7 +87,6 @@ class V2RayProxyOnlyService : Service(), ServiceControl {
     * Attaches the base context to the service.
     * @param newBase The new base context.
     */
-    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.N)
    override fun attachBaseContext(newBase: Context?) {
        val context = newBase?.let {
            MyContextWrapper.wrap(newBase, SettingsManager.getLocale())
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.service
+
+import android.app.Service
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.os.IBinder
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.RealPingEvent
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.TestServiceMessage
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.serializable
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreNativeManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.MessageUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.NotificationHelper
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NotificationChannelType
+import java.util.Collections
+
+class CoreTestService : Service() {
+
+    // manage active batch workers so each batch is independent and cancellable
+    private val activeWorkers = Collections.synchronizedList(mutableListOf<RealPingWorkerService>())
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the V2Ray environment.
+     */
+    override fun onCreate() {
+        super.onCreate()
+        CoreNativeManager.initCoreEnv(this)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Binds the service.
+     * @param intent The intent.
+     * @return The binder.
+     */
+    override fun onBind(intent: Intent?): IBinder? {
+        return null
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans up resources when the service is destroyed.
+     */
+    override fun onDestroy() {
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "CoreTestService is being destroyed, cancelling ${activeWorkers.size} active workers")
+        // cancel any active workers
+        val snapshot = ArrayList(activeWorkers)
+        snapshot.forEach { it.cancel() }
+        activeWorkers.clear()
+        NotificationHelper.stopForeground(this)
+        super.onDestroy()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the start command for the service.
+     * @param intent The intent.
+     * @param flags The flags.
+     * @param startId The start ID.
+     * @return The start mode.
+     */
+    override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {
+        val message = intent?.serializable<TestServiceMessage>("content")
+        if (message == null) {
+            stopSelf(startId)
+            return START_NOT_STICKY
+        }
+
+        when (message.key) {
+            AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_START -> handleMeasureStart(message, startId)
+            AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL -> handleMeasureCancel()
+            else -> { NotificationHelper.stopForeground(this); stopSelf(startId) }
+        }
+        return START_NOT_STICKY
+    }
+
+    private fun handleMeasureStart(message: TestServiceMessage, startId: Int) {
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "CoreTestService starting worker   subscription ${message.subscriptionId}")
+
+        NotificationHelper.startForeground(
+            this,
+            NotificationChannelType.CORE_TEST,
+            getString(R.string.app_name),
+            getString(R.string.title_real_ping_all_server)
+        )
+
+        val guidsList = when {
+            message.serverGuids.isNotEmpty() -> message.serverGuids
+            message.subscriptionId.isNotEmpty() -> MmkvManager.decodeServerList(message.subscriptionId)
+            else -> MmkvManager.decodeAllServerList()
+        }
+
+        if (guidsList.isNotEmpty()) {
+            lateinit var worker: RealPingWorkerService
+            worker = RealPingWorkerService(
+                context = this,
+                guids = guidsList,
+                onEvent = { event -> handleWorkerEvent(event) { activeWorkers.remove(worker) }  }
+            )
+            activeWorkers.add(worker)
+            worker.start()
+        } else {
+            NotificationHelper.stopForeground(this)
+            stopSelf(startId)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun handleWorkerEvent(event: RealPingEvent, onWorkerDone: () -> Unit) {
+        when (event) {
+            is RealPingEvent.Progress -> {
+                NotificationHelper.updateNotification(
+                    channelType = NotificationChannelType.CORE_TEST,
+                    context = this,
+                    content = getString(R.string.connection_runing_task_left, event.text)
+                )
+                MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(this, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_NOTIFY, event.text)
+            }
+            is RealPingEvent.Result -> {
+                MmkvManager.encodeServerTestDelayMillis(event.guid, event.delayMillis)
+                MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(this, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_SUCCESS, event.guid)
+            }
+            is RealPingEvent.Finish -> {
+                MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(this, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_FINISH, event.status)
+                onWorkerDone()
+                if (activeWorkers.isEmpty()) {
+                    NotificationHelper.stopForeground(this)
+                    stopSelf()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun handleMeasureCancel() {
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "CoreTestService received cancel message, cancelling ${activeWorkers.size} active workers")
+        val snapshot = ArrayList(activeWorkers)
+        snapshot.forEach { it.cancel() }
+        activeWorkers.clear()
+        NotificationHelper.stopForeground(this)
+        stopSelf()
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.service
+
+import android.annotation.SuppressLint
+import android.app.Service
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.content.pm.PackageManager
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager
+import android.net.Network
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkRequest
+import android.net.ProxyInfo
+import android.net.VpnService
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor
+import android.os.StrictMode
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.LOOPBACK
+import com.v2ray.ang.BuildConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.ServiceControl
+import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.Tun2SocksControl
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.NotificationManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.MyContextWrapper
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+import java.lang.ref.SoftReference
+
+@SuppressLint("VpnServicePolicy")
+class CoreVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
+    private lateinit var mInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor
+    private var isRunning = false
+    private var tun2SocksService: Tun2SocksControl? = null
+
+    /**destroy
+     * Unfortunately registerDefaultNetworkCallback is going to return our VPN interface: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/dda156ab0c5d66ad82bdcf76cda07cbc0a9c8a2e
+     *
+     * This makes doing a requestNetwork with REQUEST necessary so that we don't get ALL possible networks that
+     * satisfies default network capabilities but only THE default network. Unfortunately we need to have
+     * android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE to be able to call requestNetwork.
+     *
+     * Source: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/2df4c7d/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java#887
+     */
+    @delegate:RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.P)
+    private val defaultNetworkRequest by lazy {
+        NetworkRequest.Builder()
+            .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+            .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
+            .build()
+    }
+
+    private val connectivity by lazy { getSystemService(CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE) as ConnectivityManager }
+
+    @delegate:RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.P)
+    private val defaultNetworkCallback by lazy {
+        object : ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback() {
+            override fun onAvailable(network: Network) {
+                setUnderlyingNetworks(arrayOf(network))
+            }
+
+            override fun onCapabilitiesChanged(network: Network, networkCapabilities: NetworkCapabilities) {
+                // it's a good idea to refresh capabilities
+                setUnderlyingNetworks(arrayOf(network))
+            }
+
+            override fun onLost(network: Network) {
+                setUnderlyingNetworks(null)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun onCreate() {
+        super.onCreate()
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Service created")
+        val policy = StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder().permitAll().build()
+        StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(policy)
+        CoreServiceManager.serviceControl = SoftReference(this)
+    }
+
+    override fun onRevoke() {
+        LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Permission revoked")
+        stopAllService()
+    }
+
+//    override fun onLowMemory() {
+//        stopV2Ray()
+//        super.onLowMemory()
+//    }
+
+    override fun onDestroy() {
+        super.onDestroy()
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Service destroyed")
+
+        // Ensure VPN interface is properly closed when the service is destroyed without
+        // going through stopAllService() (e.g. when killed unexpectedly). isRunning is
+        // set to false at the start of stopAllService(), so this guard prevents a double-close.
+        if (isRunning) {
+            try {
+                if (::mInterface.isInitialized) {
+                    mInterface.close()
+                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: VPN interface closed in onDestroy")
+                }
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Failed to close interface in onDestroy", e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        NotificationManager.cancelNotification()
+    }
+
+    override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Service command received")
+        setupVpnService()
+        startService()
+        return START_STICKY
+        //return super.onStartCommand(intent, flags, startId)
+    }
+
+    override fun getService(): Service {
+        return this
+    }
+
+    override fun startService() {
+        if (!::mInterface.isInitialized) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Interface not initialized")
+            return
+        }
+        if (!CoreServiceManager.startCoreLoop(mInterface)) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Failed to start core loop")
+            stopAllService()
+            return
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun stopService() {
+        stopAllService(true)
+    }
+
+    override fun vpnProtect(socket: Int): Boolean {
+        return protect(socket)
+    }
+
+    override fun attachBaseContext(newBase: Context?) {
+        val context = newBase?.let {
+            MyContextWrapper.wrap(newBase, SettingsManager.getLocale())
+        }
+        super.attachBaseContext(context)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets up the VPN service.
+     * Prepares the VPN and configures it if preparation is successful.
+     */
+    private fun setupVpnService() {
+        val prepare = prepare(this)
+        if (prepare != null) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Permission not granted")
+            stopSelf()
+            return
+        }
+
+        if (configureVpnService() != true) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Configuration failed")
+            stopSelf()
+            return
+        }
+
+        runTun2socks()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures the VPN service.
+     * @return True if the VPN service was configured successfully, false otherwise.
+     */
+    private fun configureVpnService(): Boolean {
+        val builder = Builder()
+
+        // Configure network settings (addresses, routing and DNS)
+        configureNetworkSettings(builder)
+
+        // Configure app-specific settings (session name and per-app proxy)
+        configurePerAppProxy(builder)
+
+        // Close the old interface since the parameters have been changed
+        try {
+            if (::mInterface.isInitialized) {
+                mInterface.close()
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to close old interface", e)
+        }
+
+        // Configure platform-specific features
+        configurePlatformFeatures(builder)
+
+        // Create a new interface using the builder and save the parameters
+        try {
+            mInterface = builder.establish()!!
+            isRunning = true
+            return true
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to establish VPN interface", e)
+            stopAllService()
+        }
+        return false
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures the basic network settings for the VPN.
+     * This includes IP addresses, routing rules, and DNS servers.
+     *
+     * @param builder The VPN Builder to configure
+     */
+    private fun configureNetworkSettings(builder: Builder) {
+        val vpnConfig = SettingsManager.getCurrentVpnInterfaceAddressConfig()
+        val bypassLan = SettingsManager.routingRulesetsBypassLan()
+
+        // Configure IPv4 settings
+        builder.setMtu(SettingsManager.getVpnMtu())
+        builder.addAddress(vpnConfig.ipv4Client, 30)
+
+        // Configure routing rules
+        if (bypassLan) {
+            AppConfig.ROUTED_IP_LIST.forEach {
+                val addr = it.split('/')
+                builder.addRoute(addr[0], addr[1].toInt())
+            }
+        } else {
+            builder.addRoute("0.0.0.0", 0)
+        }
+
+        // Configure IPv6 if enabled
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_IPV6_ENABLED) == true) {
+            builder.addAddress(vpnConfig.ipv6Client, 126)
+            if (bypassLan) {
+                builder.addRoute("2000::", 3) // Currently only 1/8 of total IPv6 is in use
+                builder.addRoute("fc00::", 18) // Xray-core default FakeIPv6 Pool
+            } else {
+                builder.addRoute("::", 0)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Configure DNS servers
+        //if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_LOCAL_DNS_ENABLED) == true) {
+        //  builder.addDnsServer(PRIVATE_VLAN4_ROUTER)
+        //} else {
+        SettingsManager.getVpnDnsServers().forEach {
+            if (Utils.isPureIpAddress(it)) {
+                builder.addDnsServer(it)
+            }
+        }
+
+        //builder.setSession(V2RayServiceManager.getRunningServerName())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures platform-specific VPN features for different Android versions.
+     *
+     * @param builder The VPN Builder to configure
+     */
+    private fun configurePlatformFeatures(builder: Builder) {
+        // Android P (API 28) and above: Configure network callbacks
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.P) {
+            try {
+                connectivity.requestNetwork(defaultNetworkRequest, defaultNetworkCallback)
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Failed to request network", e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Android Q (API 29) and above: Configure metering and HTTP proxy
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
+            builder.setMetered(false)
+            if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_APPEND_HTTP_PROXY)) {
+                builder.setHttpProxy(ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy(LOOPBACK, SettingsManager.getHttpPort()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures per-app proxy rules for the VPN builder.
+     *
+     * - If per-app proxy is not enabled, disallow the VPN service's own package.
+     * - If no apps are selected, disallow the VPN service's own package.
+     * - If bypass mode is enabled, disallow all selected apps (including self).
+     * - If proxy mode is enabled, only allow the selected apps (excluding self).
+     *
+     * @param builder The VPN Builder to configure.
+     */
+    private fun configurePerAppProxy(builder: Builder) {
+        val selfPackageName = BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID
+
+        // If per-app proxy is not enabled, disallow the VPN service's own package and return
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PER_APP_PROXY) == false) {
+            builder.addDisallowedApplication(selfPackageName)
+            return
+        }
+
+        // If no apps are selected, disallow the VPN service's own package and return
+        val apps = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsStringSet(AppConfig.PREF_PER_APP_PROXY_SET)
+        if (apps.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            builder.addDisallowedApplication(selfPackageName)
+            return
+        }
+
+        val bypassApps = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_BYPASS_APPS)
+        // Handle the VPN service's own package according to the mode
+        if (bypassApps) apps.add(selfPackageName) else apps.remove(selfPackageName)
+
+        apps.forEach {
+            try {
+                if (bypassApps) {
+                    // In bypass mode, disallow the selected apps
+                    builder.addDisallowedApplication(it)
+                } else {
+                    // In proxy mode, only allow the selected apps
+                    builder.addAllowedApplication(it)
+                }
+            } catch (e: PackageManager.NameNotFoundException) {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Failed to configure app", e)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Runs the tun2socks process.
+     * Starts the tun2socks process with the appropriate parameters.
+     */
+    private fun runTun2socks() {
+        if (SettingsManager.isUsingHevTun()) {
+            tun2SocksService = TProxyService(
+                context = applicationContext,
+                vpnInterface = mInterface,
+                isRunningProvider = { isRunning },
+                restartCallback = { runTun2socks() }
+            )
+        } else {
+            tun2SocksService = null
+        }
+
+        tun2SocksService?.startTun2Socks()
+    }
+
+    private fun stopAllService(isForced: Boolean = true) {
+//        val configName = defaultDPreference.getPrefString(PREF_CURR_CONFIG_GUID, "")
+//        val emptyInfo = VpnNetworkInfo()
+//        val info = loadVpnNetworkInfo(configName, emptyInfo)!! + (lastNetworkInfo ?: emptyInfo)
+//        saveVpnNetworkInfo(configName, info)
+        isRunning = false
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.P) {
+            try {
+                connectivity.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback)
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Failed to unregister callback", e)
+            }
+        }
+
+        tun2SocksService?.stopTun2Socks()
+        tun2SocksService = null
+
+        CoreServiceManager.stopCoreLoop()
+
+        if (isForced) {
+            //stopSelf has to be called ahead of mInterface.close(). otherwise v2ray core cannot be stooped
+            //It's strage but true.
+            //This can be verified by putting stopself() behind and call stopLoop and startLoop
+            //in a row for several times. You will find that later created v2ray core report port in use
+            //which means the first v2ray core somehow failed to stop and release the port.
+            stopSelf()
+
+            // Add a small delay to allow the async core stop operation to complete
+            // before closing the VPN interface, preventing a race condition that can
+            // leave the VPN icon in the status bar after stopping the service.
+            try {
+                Thread.sleep(100)
+            } catch (e: InterruptedException) {
+                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Sleep interrupted", e)
+            }
+
+            try {
+                if (::mInterface.isInitialized) {
+                    mInterface.close()
+                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: VPN interface closed")
+                }
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Failed to close interface", e)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.service

 import android.content.Context
-import android.util.Log
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class ProcessService {
     * @param cmd The command to run.
     */
    fun runProcess(context: Context, cmd: MutableList<String>) {
-        Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, cmd.toString())
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, cmd.toString())

        try {
            val proBuilder = ProcessBuilder(cmd)
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ class ProcessService {

            CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).launch {
                Thread.sleep(50L)
-                Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "runProcess check")
+                LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "runProcess check")
                process?.waitFor()
-                Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "runProcess exited")
+                LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "runProcess exited")
            }
-            Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, process.toString())
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, process.toString())

        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, e.toString(), e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, e.toString(), e)
        }
    }

@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ class ProcessService {
     */
    fun stopProcess() {
        try {
-            Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "runProcess destroy")
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "runProcess destroy")
            process?.destroy()
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to destroy process", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to destroy process", e)
        }
    }
 }
@@ -5,19 +5,17 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
 import android.content.IntentFilter
 import android.graphics.drawable.Icon
-import android.os.Build
 import android.service.quicksettings.Tile
 import android.service.quicksettings.TileService
-import android.util.Log
-import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.MessageUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.lang.ref.SoftReference

-@RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.N)
 class QSTileService : TileService() {

    /**
@@ -25,14 +23,13 @@ class QSTileService : TileService() {
     * @param state The state to set.
     */
    fun setState(state: Int) {
+        qsTile?.icon = Icon.createWithResource(applicationContext, R.drawable.ic_stat_name)
        if (state == Tile.STATE_INACTIVE) {
            qsTile?.state = Tile.STATE_INACTIVE
            qsTile?.label = getString(R.string.app_name)
-            qsTile?.icon = Icon.createWithResource(applicationContext, R.drawable.ic_stat_name)
        } else if (state == Tile.STATE_ACTIVE) {
            qsTile?.state = Tile.STATE_ACTIVE
-            qsTile?.label = V2RayServiceManager.getRunningServerName()
-            qsTile?.icon = Icon.createWithResource(applicationContext, R.drawable.ic_stat_name)
+            qsTile?.label = CoreServiceManager.getRunningServerName()
        }

        qsTile?.updateTile()
@@ -45,7 +42,11 @@ class QSTileService : TileService() {
    override fun onStartListening() {
        super.onStartListening()

-        setState(Tile.STATE_INACTIVE)
+        if (CoreServiceManager.isRunning()) {
+            setState(Tile.STATE_ACTIVE)
+        } else {
+            setState(Tile.STATE_INACTIVE)
+        }
        mMsgReceive = ReceiveMessageHandler(this)
        val mFilter = IntentFilter(AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_ACTIVITY)
        ContextCompat.registerReceiver(applicationContext, mMsgReceive, mFilter, Utils.receiverFlags())
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ class QSTileService : TileService() {
            applicationContext.unregisterReceiver(mMsgReceive)
            mMsgReceive = null
        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to unregister receiver", e)
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to unregister receiver", e)
        }

    }
@@ -74,11 +75,11 @@ class QSTileService : TileService() {
        super.onClick()
        when (qsTile.state) {
            Tile.STATE_INACTIVE -> {
-                V2RayServiceManager.startVServiceFromToggle(this)
+                CoreServiceManager.startVServiceFromToggle(this)
            }

            Tile.STATE_ACTIVE -> {
-                V2RayServiceManager.stopVService(this)
+                CoreServiceManager.stopVService(this)
            }
        }
    }
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.service
+
+import android.content.Context
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.RealPingEvent
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreNativeManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreConfigManager
+import kotlinx.coroutines.CancellationException
+import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineName
+import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
+import kotlinx.coroutines.SupervisorJob
+import kotlinx.coroutines.asCoroutineDispatcher
+import kotlinx.coroutines.joinAll
+import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger
+
+/**
+ * Worker that runs a batch of real-ping tests independently.
+ * Each batch owns its own CoroutineScope/dispatcher and can be cancelled separately.
+ */
+class RealPingWorkerService(
+    private val context: Context,
+    private val guids: List<String>,
+    private val onEvent: (RealPingEvent) -> Unit = {}
+) {
+    private val job = SupervisorJob()
+    private val concurrency = SettingsManager.getRealPingConcurrency()
+    private val dispatcher = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(concurrency).asCoroutineDispatcher()
+    private val scope = CoroutineScope(job + dispatcher + CoroutineName("RealPingBatchWorker"))
+
+    private val runningCount = AtomicInteger(0)
+    private val totalCount = AtomicInteger(0)
+
+    fun start() {
+        val jobs = guids.map { guid ->
+            totalCount.incrementAndGet()
+            scope.launch {
+                runningCount.incrementAndGet()
+                try {
+                    val result = startRealPing(guid)
+                    onEvent(RealPingEvent.Result(guid, result))
+                } catch (_: Throwable) {
+                    // ignore
+                } finally {
+                    val count = totalCount.decrementAndGet()
+                    val left = runningCount.decrementAndGet()
+                    onEvent(RealPingEvent.Progress("$left / $count"))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        scope.launch {
+            try {
+                joinAll(*jobs.toTypedArray())
+                onEvent(RealPingEvent.Finish("0"))
+            } catch (_: CancellationException) {
+                onEvent(RealPingEvent.Finish("-1"))
+            } finally {
+                close()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun cancel() {
+        job.cancel()
+    }
+
+    private fun close() {
+        try {
+            dispatcher.close()
+        } catch (_: Throwable) {
+            // ignore
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun startRealPing(guid: String): Long {
+        val retFailure = -1L
+        val configResult = CoreConfigManager.getV2rayConfig4Speedtest(context, guid)
+        if (!configResult.status) {
+            return retFailure
+        }
+        return CoreNativeManager.measureOutboundDelay(configResult.content, SettingsManager.getDelayTestUrl())
+    }
+}
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.service
-
-import android.annotation.SuppressLint
-import android.app.NotificationChannel
-import android.app.NotificationManager
-import android.content.Context
-import android.os.Build
-import android.util.Log
-import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat
-import androidx.core.app.NotificationManagerCompat
-import androidx.work.CoroutineWorker
-import androidx.work.WorkerParameters
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL_NAME
-import com.v2ray.ang.R
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.AngConfigManager.updateConfigViaSub
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-
-object SubscriptionUpdater {
-
-    class UpdateTask(context: Context, params: WorkerParameters) :
-        CoroutineWorker(context, params) {
-
-        private val notificationManager = NotificationManagerCompat.from(applicationContext)
-        private val notification =
-            NotificationCompat.Builder(applicationContext, SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL)
-                .setWhen(0)
-                .setTicker("Update")
-                .setContentTitle(context.getString(R.string.title_pref_auto_update_subscription))
-                .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_stat_name)
-                .setCategory(NotificationCompat.CATEGORY_SERVICE)
-                .setPriority(NotificationCompat.PRIORITY_DEFAULT)
-
-        /**
-         * Performs the subscription update work.
-         * @return The result of the work.
-         */
-        @SuppressLint("MissingPermission")
-        override suspend fun doWork(): Result {
-            Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "subscription automatic update starting")
-
-            val subs = MmkvManager.decodeSubscriptions().filter { it.second.autoUpdate }
-
-            for (sub in subs) {
-                val subItem = sub.second
-
-                if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
-                    notification.setChannelId(SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL)
-                    val channel =
-                        NotificationChannel(
-                            SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL,
-                            SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL_NAME,
-                            NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_MIN
-                        )
-                    notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(channel)
-                }
-                notificationManager.notify(3, notification.build())
-                Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "subscription automatic update: ---${subItem.remarks}")
-                updateConfigViaSub(Pair(sub.first, subItem))
-                notification.setContentText("Updating ${subItem.remarks}")
-            }
-            notificationManager.cancel(3)
-            return Result.success()
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.service
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.Tun2SocksControl
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import java.io.File
+
+/**
+ * Manages the tun2socks process that handles VPN traffic
+ */
+class TProxyService(
+    private val context: Context,
+    private val vpnInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor,
+    private val isRunningProvider: () -> Boolean,
+    private val restartCallback: () -> Unit
+) : Tun2SocksControl {
+    companion object {
+        @JvmStatic
+        @Suppress("FunctionName")
+        private external fun TProxyStartService(configPath: String, fd: Int)
+
+        @JvmStatic
+        @Suppress("FunctionName")
+        private external fun TProxyStopService()
+
+        @JvmStatic
+        @Suppress("FunctionName")
+        private external fun TProxyGetStats(): LongArray?
+
+        init {
+            System.loadLibrary("hev-socks5-tunnel")
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Starts the tun2socks process with the appropriate parameters.
+     */
+    override fun startTun2Socks() {
+//        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Starting HevSocks5Tunnel via JNI")
+
+        val configContent = buildConfig()
+        val configFile = File(context.filesDir, "hev-socks5-tunnel.yaml").apply {
+            writeText(configContent)
+        }
+//        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Config file created: ${configFile.absolutePath}")
+        LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "HevSocks5Tunnel Config content:\n$configContent")
+
+        try {
+//            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "TProxyStartService...")
+            TProxyStartService(configFile.absolutePath, vpnInterface.fd)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "HevSocks5Tunnel exception: ${e.message}")
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun buildConfig(): String {
+        val socksPort = SettingsManager.getSocksPort()
+        val socksUsername = SettingsManager.getSocksUsername()
+        val socksPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()
+        val vpnConfig = SettingsManager.getCurrentVpnInterfaceAddressConfig()
+        val escapedSocksUsername = socksUsername?.replace("'", "''")
+        val escapedSocksPassword = socksPassword?.replace("'", "''")
+        return buildString {
+            appendLine("tunnel:")
+            appendLine("  mtu: ${SettingsManager.getVpnMtu()}")
+            appendLine("  ipv4: ${vpnConfig.ipv4Client}")
+
+            if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_IPV6_ENABLED)) {
+                appendLine("  ipv6: '${vpnConfig.ipv6Client}'")
+            }
+
+            appendLine("socks5:")
+            appendLine("  port: ${socksPort}")
+            appendLine("  address: ${AppConfig.LOOPBACK}")
+            appendLine("  udp: 'udp'")
+            if (escapedSocksUsername != null && escapedSocksPassword != null) {
+                appendLine("  username: '${escapedSocksUsername}'")
+                appendLine("  password: '${escapedSocksPassword}'")
+            }
+
+            // Read-write timeout settings
+            val timeoutSetting = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_HEV_TUNNEL_RW_TIMEOUT) ?: AppConfig.HEVTUN_RW_TIMEOUT
+            val parts = timeoutSetting.split(",")
+                .map { it.trim() }
+                .filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+            val tcpTimeout = parts.getOrNull(0)?.toIntOrNull() ?: 300
+            val udpTimeout = parts.getOrNull(1)?.toIntOrNull() ?: 60
+
+            appendLine("misc:")
+            appendLine("  tcp-read-write-timeout: ${tcpTimeout * 1000}")
+            appendLine("  udp-read-write-timeout: ${udpTimeout * 1000}")
+            appendLine("  log-level: ${MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_HEV_TUNNEL_LOGLEVEL) ?: "warn"}")
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stops the tun2socks process
+     */
+    override fun stopTun2Socks() {
+        try {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "TProxyStopService...")
+            TProxyStopService()
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to stop hev-socks5-tunnel", e)
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.service
-
-import android.app.Service
-import android.content.Intent
-import android.os.IBinder
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_SUCCESS
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.serializable
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SpeedtestManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.MessageUtil
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.PluginUtil
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
-import go.Seq
-import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
-import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
-import kotlinx.coroutines.asCoroutineDispatcher
-import kotlinx.coroutines.cancelChildren
-import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
-import libv2ray.Libv2ray
-import java.util.concurrent.Executors
-
-class V2RayTestService : Service() {
-    private val realTestScope by lazy { CoroutineScope(Executors.newFixedThreadPool(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors()).asCoroutineDispatcher()) }
-
-    /**
-     * Initializes the V2Ray environment.
-     */
-    override fun onCreate() {
-        super.onCreate()
-        Seq.setContext(this)
-        Libv2ray.initCoreEnv(Utils.userAssetPath(this), Utils.getDeviceIdForXUDPBaseKey())
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Handles the start command for the service.
-     * @param intent The intent.
-     * @param flags The flags.
-     * @param startId The start ID.
-     * @return The start mode.
-     */
-    override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {
-        when (intent?.getIntExtra("key", 0)) {
-            MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG -> {
-                val guid = intent.serializable<String>("content") ?: ""
-                realTestScope.launch {
-                    val result = startRealPing(guid)
-                    MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(this@V2RayTestService, MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_SUCCESS, Pair(guid, result))
-                }
-            }
-
-            MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL -> {
-                realTestScope.coroutineContext[Job]?.cancelChildren()
-            }
-        }
-        return super.onStartCommand(intent, flags, startId)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Binds the service.
-     * @param intent The intent.
-     * @return The binder.
-     */
-    override fun onBind(intent: Intent?): IBinder? {
-        return null
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Starts the real ping test.
-     * @param guid The GUID of the configuration.
-     * @return The ping result.
-     */
-    private fun startRealPing(guid: String): Long {
-        val retFailure = -1L
-
-        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: return retFailure
-        if (config.configType == EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) {
-            val delay = PluginUtil.realPingHy2(this, config)
-            return delay
-        } else {
-            val configResult = V2rayConfigManager.getV2rayConfig4Speedtest(this, guid)
-            if (!configResult.status) {
-                return retFailure
-            }
-            return SpeedtestManager.realPing(configResult.content)
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,377 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.service
-
-import android.app.Service
-import android.content.Context
-import android.content.Intent
-import android.content.pm.PackageManager
-import android.net.ConnectivityManager
-import android.net.LocalSocket
-import android.net.LocalSocketAddress
-import android.net.Network
-import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
-import android.net.NetworkRequest
-import android.net.ProxyInfo
-import android.net.VpnService
-import android.os.Build
-import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor
-import android.os.StrictMode
-import android.util.Log
-import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.LOOPBACK
-import com.v2ray.ang.BuildConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.MyContextWrapper
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
-import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
-import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
-import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
-import java.io.File
-import java.lang.ref.SoftReference
-
-class V2RayVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
-    companion object {
-        private const val VPN_MTU = 1500
-        private const val PRIVATE_VLAN4_CLIENT = "10.10.14.1"
-        private const val PRIVATE_VLAN4_ROUTER = "10.10.14.2"
-        private const val PRIVATE_VLAN6_CLIENT = "fc00::10:10:14:1"
-        private const val PRIVATE_VLAN6_ROUTER = "fc00::10:10:14:2"
-        private const val TUN2SOCKS = "libtun2socks.so"
-
-    }
-
-    private lateinit var mInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor
-    private var isRunning = false
-    private lateinit var process: Process
-
-    /**destroy
-     * Unfortunately registerDefaultNetworkCallback is going to return our VPN interface: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/dda156ab0c5d66ad82bdcf76cda07cbc0a9c8a2e
-     *
-     * This makes doing a requestNetwork with REQUEST necessary so that we don't get ALL possible networks that
-     * satisfies default network capabilities but only THE default network. Unfortunately we need to have
-     * android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE to be able to call requestNetwork.
-     *
-     * Source: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/2df4c7d/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java#887
-     */
-    @delegate:RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.P)
-    private val defaultNetworkRequest by lazy {
-        NetworkRequest.Builder()
-            .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-            .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
-            .build()
-    }
-
-    private val connectivity by lazy { getSystemService(CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE) as ConnectivityManager }
-
-    @delegate:RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.P)
-    private val defaultNetworkCallback by lazy {
-        object : ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback() {
-            override fun onAvailable(network: Network) {
-                setUnderlyingNetworks(arrayOf(network))
-            }
-
-            override fun onCapabilitiesChanged(network: Network, networkCapabilities: NetworkCapabilities) {
-                // it's a good idea to refresh capabilities
-                setUnderlyingNetworks(arrayOf(network))
-            }
-
-            override fun onLost(network: Network) {
-                setUnderlyingNetworks(null)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    override fun onCreate() {
-        super.onCreate()
-        val policy = StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder().permitAll().build()
-        StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(policy)
-        V2RayServiceManager.serviceControl = SoftReference(this)
-    }
-
-    override fun onRevoke() {
-        stopV2Ray()
-    }
-
-//    override fun onLowMemory() {
-//        stopV2Ray()
-//        super.onLowMemory()
-//    }
-
-    override fun onDestroy() {
-        super.onDestroy()
-        NotificationService.cancelNotification()
-    }
-
-    override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {
-        if (V2RayServiceManager.startCoreLoop()) {
-            startService()
-        }
-        return START_STICKY
-        //return super.onStartCommand(intent, flags, startId)
-    }
-
-    override fun getService(): Service {
-        return this
-    }
-
-    override fun startService() {
-        setup()
-    }
-
-    override fun stopService() {
-        stopV2Ray(true)
-    }
-
-    override fun vpnProtect(socket: Int): Boolean {
-        return protect(socket)
-    }
-
-    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.N)
-    override fun attachBaseContext(newBase: Context?) {
-        val context = newBase?.let {
-            MyContextWrapper.wrap(newBase, SettingsManager.getLocale())
-        }
-        super.attachBaseContext(context)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sets up the VPN service.
-     * Prepares the VPN and configures it if preparation is successful.
-     */
-    private fun setup() {
-        val prepare = prepare(this)
-        if (prepare != null) {
-            return
-        }
-
-        if (setupVpnService() != true) {
-            return
-        }
-
-        runTun2socks()
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Configures the VPN service.
-     * @return True if the VPN service was configured successfully, false otherwise.
-     */
-    private fun setupVpnService(): Boolean {
-        // If the old interface has exactly the same parameters, use it!
-        // Configure a builder while parsing the parameters.
-        val builder = Builder()
-        //val enableLocalDns = defaultDPreference.getPrefBoolean(AppConfig.PREF_LOCAL_DNS_ENABLED, false)
-
-        builder.setMtu(VPN_MTU)
-        builder.addAddress(PRIVATE_VLAN4_CLIENT, 30)
-        //builder.addDnsServer(PRIVATE_VLAN4_ROUTER)
-        val bypassLan = SettingsManager.routingRulesetsBypassLan()
-        if (bypassLan) {
-            AppConfig.BYPASS_PRIVATE_IP_LIST.forEach {
-                val addr = it.split('/')
-                builder.addRoute(addr[0], addr[1].toInt())
-            }
-        } else {
-            builder.addRoute("0.0.0.0", 0)
-        }
-
-        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PREFER_IPV6) == true) {
-            builder.addAddress(PRIVATE_VLAN6_CLIENT, 126)
-            if (bypassLan) {
-                builder.addRoute("2000::", 3) //currently only 1/8 of total ipV6 is in use
-            } else {
-                builder.addRoute("::", 0)
-            }
-        }
-
-//        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_LOCAL_DNS_ENABLED) == true) {
-//            builder.addDnsServer(PRIVATE_VLAN4_ROUTER)
-//        } else {
-        SettingsManager.getVpnDnsServers()
-            .forEach {
-                if (Utils.isPureIpAddress(it)) {
-                    builder.addDnsServer(it)
-                }
-            }
-//        }
-
-        builder.setSession(V2RayServiceManager.getRunningServerName())
-
-        val selfPackageName = BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID
-        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PER_APP_PROXY)) {
-            val apps = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsStringSet(AppConfig.PREF_PER_APP_PROXY_SET)
-            val bypassApps = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_BYPASS_APPS)
-            //process self package
-            if (bypassApps) apps?.add(selfPackageName) else apps?.remove(selfPackageName)
-            apps?.forEach {
-                try {
-                    if (bypassApps)
-                        builder.addDisallowedApplication(it)
-                    else
-                        builder.addAllowedApplication(it)
-                } catch (e: PackageManager.NameNotFoundException) {
-                    Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to configure app in VPN: ${e.localizedMessage}", e)
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            builder.addDisallowedApplication(selfPackageName)
-        }
-
-        // Close the old interface since the parameters have been changed.
-        try {
-            mInterface.close()
-        } catch (ignored: Exception) {
-            // ignored
-        }
-
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.P) {
-            try {
-                connectivity.requestNetwork(defaultNetworkRequest, defaultNetworkCallback)
-            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to request default network", e)
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
-            builder.setMetered(false)
-            if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_APPEND_HTTP_PROXY)) {
-                builder.setHttpProxy(ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy(LOOPBACK, SettingsManager.getHttpPort()))
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Create a new interface using the builder and save the parameters.
-        try {
-            mInterface = builder.establish()!!
-            isRunning = true
-            return true
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            // non-nullable lateinit var
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to establish VPN interface", e)
-            stopV2Ray()
-        }
-        return false
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Runs the tun2socks process.
-     * Starts the tun2socks process with the appropriate parameters.
-     */
-    private fun runTun2socks() {
-        Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Start run $TUN2SOCKS")
-        val socksPort = SettingsManager.getSocksPort()
-        val cmd = arrayListOf(
-            File(applicationContext.applicationInfo.nativeLibraryDir, TUN2SOCKS).absolutePath,
-            "--netif-ipaddr", PRIVATE_VLAN4_ROUTER,
-            "--netif-netmask", "255.255.255.252",
-            "--socks-server-addr", "$LOOPBACK:${socksPort}",
-            "--tunmtu", VPN_MTU.toString(),
-            "--sock-path", "sock_path",//File(applicationContext.filesDir, "sock_path").absolutePath,
-            "--enable-udprelay",
-            "--loglevel", "notice"
-        )
-
-        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PREFER_IPV6)) {
-            cmd.add("--netif-ip6addr")
-            cmd.add(PRIVATE_VLAN6_ROUTER)
-        }
-        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_LOCAL_DNS_ENABLED)) {
-            val localDnsPort = Utils.parseInt(MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_LOCAL_DNS_PORT), AppConfig.PORT_LOCAL_DNS.toInt())
-            cmd.add("--dnsgw")
-            cmd.add("$LOOPBACK:${localDnsPort}")
-        }
-        Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, cmd.toString())
-
-        try {
-            val proBuilder = ProcessBuilder(cmd)
-            proBuilder.redirectErrorStream(true)
-            process = proBuilder
-                .directory(applicationContext.filesDir)
-                .start()
-            Thread {
-                Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "$TUN2SOCKS check")
-                process.waitFor()
-                Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "$TUN2SOCKS exited")
-                if (isRunning) {
-                    Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "$TUN2SOCKS restart")
-                    runTun2socks()
-                }
-            }.start()
-            Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "$TUN2SOCKS process info : ${process.toString()}")
-
-            sendFd()
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to start $TUN2SOCKS process", e)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Sends the file descriptor to the tun2socks process.
-     * Attempts to send the file descriptor multiple times if necessary.
-     */
-    private fun sendFd() {
-        val fd = mInterface.fileDescriptor
-        val path = File(applicationContext.filesDir, "sock_path").absolutePath
-        Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "LocalSocket path : $path")
-
-        CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).launch {
-            var tries = 0
-            while (true) try {
-                Thread.sleep(50L shl tries)
-                Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "LocalSocket sendFd tries: $tries")
-                LocalSocket().use { localSocket ->
-                    localSocket.connect(LocalSocketAddress(path, LocalSocketAddress.Namespace.FILESYSTEM))
-                    localSocket.setFileDescriptorsForSend(arrayOf(fd))
-                    localSocket.outputStream.write(42)
-                }
-                break
-            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to send file descriptor, try: $tries", e)
-                if (tries > 5) break
-                tries += 1
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Stops the V2Ray service.
-     * @param isForced Whether to force stop the service.
-     */
-    private fun stopV2Ray(isForced: Boolean = true) {
-//        val configName = defaultDPreference.getPrefString(PREF_CURR_CONFIG_GUID, "")
-//        val emptyInfo = VpnNetworkInfo()
-//        val info = loadVpnNetworkInfo(configName, emptyInfo)!! + (lastNetworkInfo ?: emptyInfo)
-//        saveVpnNetworkInfo(configName, info)
-        isRunning = false
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.P) {
-            try {
-                connectivity.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback)
-            } catch (ignored: Exception) {
-                // ignored
-            }
-        }
-
-        try {
-            Log.i(AppConfig.TAG, "$TUN2SOCKS destroy")
-            process.destroy()
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to destroy $TUN2SOCKS process", e)
-        }
-
-        V2RayServiceManager.stopCoreLoop()
-
-        if (isForced) {
-            //stopSelf has to be called ahead of mInterface.close(). otherwise v2ray core cannot be stooped
-            //It's strage but true.
-            //This can be verified by putting stopself() behind and call stopLoop and startLoop
-            //in a row for several times. You will find that later created v2ray core report port in use
-            //which means the first v2ray core somehow failed to stop and release the port.
-            stopSelf()
-
-            try {
-                mInterface.close()
-            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to close VPN interface", e)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,126 +1,20 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.ui

-import android.Manifest
-import android.content.Intent
-import android.os.Build
 import android.os.Bundle
-import android.util.Log
-import android.view.View
-import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts
-import androidx.appcompat.app.AlertDialog
-import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
-import androidx.core.content.FileProvider
-import androidx.lifecycle.lifecycleScope
-import com.tencent.mmkv.MMKV
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.BuildConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
 import com.v2ray.ang.databinding.ActivityAboutBinding
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CheckUpdateResult
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toastError
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toastSuccess
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SpeedtestManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.UpdateCheckerManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.AppManagerUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreNativeManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.ZipUtil
-import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
-import java.io.File
-import java.text.SimpleDateFormat
-import java.util.Locale

 class AboutActivity : BaseActivity() {
-
    private val binding by lazy { ActivityAboutBinding.inflate(layoutInflater) }
-    private val extDir by lazy { File(Utils.backupPath(this)) }
-
-    private val requestPermissionLauncher =
-        registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.RequestPermission()) { isGranted ->
-            if (isGranted) {
-                try {
-                    showFileChooser()
-                } catch (e: Exception) {
-                    Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to show file chooser", e)
-                }
-            } else {
-                toast(R.string.toast_permission_denied)
-            }
-        }

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
-        setContentView(binding.root)
-
-        title = getString(R.string.title_about)
-
-        binding.tvBackupSummary.text = this.getString(R.string.summary_configuration_backup, extDir)
-
-        binding.layoutBackup.setOnClickListener {
-            val ret = backupConfiguration(extDir.absolutePath)
-            if (ret.first) {
-                toastSuccess(R.string.toast_success)
-            } else {
-                toastError(R.string.toast_failure)
-            }
-        }
-
-        binding.layoutShare.setOnClickListener {
-            val ret = backupConfiguration(cacheDir.absolutePath)
-            if (ret.first) {
-                startActivity(
-                    Intent.createChooser(
-                        Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND).setType("application/zip")
-                            .setFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)
-                            .putExtra(
-                                Intent.EXTRA_STREAM,
-                                FileProvider.getUriForFile(
-                                    this, BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID + ".cache", File(ret.second)
-                                )
-                            ), getString(R.string.title_configuration_share)
-                    )
-                )
-            } else {
-                toastError(R.string.toast_failure)
-            }
-        }
-
-        binding.layoutRestore.setOnClickListener {
-            val permission =
-                if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
-                    Manifest.permission.READ_MEDIA_IMAGES
-                } else {
-                    Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
-                }
-
-            if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, permission) == android.content.pm.PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
-                try {
-                    showFileChooser()
-                } catch (e: Exception) {
-                    Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to show file chooser", e)
-                }
-            } else {
-                requestPermissionLauncher.launch(permission)
-            }
-        }
-
-        //If it is the Google Play version, not be displayed within 1 days after update
-//        if (Utils.isGoogleFlavor()) {
-//            val lastUpdateTime = AppManagerUtil.getLastUpdateTime(this)
-//            val currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
-//            if ((currentTime - lastUpdateTime) < 1 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000L) {
-//                binding.layoutCheckUpdate.visibility = View.GONE
-//            }
-//        }
-        binding.layoutCheckUpdate.setOnClickListener {
-            checkForUpdates(binding.checkPreRelease.isChecked)
-        }
-
-        binding.checkPreRelease.setOnCheckedChangeListener { _, isChecked ->
-            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(AppConfig.PREF_CHECK_UPDATE_PRE_RELEASE, isChecked)
-        }
-        binding.checkPreRelease.isChecked = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_CHECK_UPDATE_PRE_RELEASE, false)
+        //setContentView(binding.root)
+        setContentViewWithToolbar(binding.root, showHomeAsUp = true, title = getString(R.string.title_about))

        binding.layoutSoureCcode.setOnClickListener {
            Utils.openUri(this, AppConfig.APP_URL)
@@ -148,102 +42,11 @@ class AboutActivity : BaseActivity() {
            Utils.openUri(this, AppConfig.APP_PRIVACY_POLICY)
        }

-        "v${BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME} (${SpeedtestManager.getLibVersion()})".also {
+        "v${BuildConfig.VERSION_NAME} (${CoreNativeManager.getLibVersion()})".also {
            binding.tvVersion.text = it
        }
-    }
-
-    private fun backupConfiguration(outputZipFilePos: String): Pair<Boolean, String> {
-        val dateFormated = SimpleDateFormat(
-            "yyyy-MM-dd-HH-mm-ss",
-            Locale.getDefault()
-        ).format(System.currentTimeMillis())
-        val folderName = "${getString(R.string.app_name)}_${dateFormated}"
-        val backupDir = this.cacheDir.absolutePath + "/$folderName"
-        val outputZipFilePath = "$outputZipFilePos/$folderName.zip"
-
-        val count = MMKV.backupAllToDirectory(backupDir)
-        if (count <= 0) {
-            return Pair(false, "")
+        BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID.also {
+            binding.tvAppId.text = it
        }
-
-        if (ZipUtil.zipFromFolder(backupDir, outputZipFilePath)) {
-            return Pair(true, outputZipFilePath)
-        } else {
-            return Pair(false, "")
-        }
-    }
-
-    private fun restoreConfiguration(zipFile: File): Boolean {
-        val backupDir = this.cacheDir.absolutePath + "/${System.currentTimeMillis()}"
-
-        if (!ZipUtil.unzipToFolder(zipFile, backupDir)) {
-            return false
-        }
-
-        val count = MMKV.restoreAllFromDirectory(backupDir)
-        return count > 0
-    }
-
-    private fun showFileChooser() {
-        val intent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_GET_CONTENT).apply {
-            type = "*/*"
-            addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_OPENABLE)
-        }
-
-        try {
-            chooseFile.launch(Intent.createChooser(intent, getString(R.string.title_file_chooser)))
-        } catch (ex: android.content.ActivityNotFoundException) {
-            Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "File chooser activity not found", ex)
-            toast(R.string.toast_require_file_manager)
-        }
-    }
-
-    private val chooseFile =
-        registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.StartActivityForResult()) { result ->
-            val uri = result.data?.data
-            if (result.resultCode == RESULT_OK && uri != null) {
-                try {
-                    val targetFile =
-                        File(this.cacheDir.absolutePath, "${System.currentTimeMillis()}.zip")
-                    contentResolver.openInputStream(uri).use { input ->
-                        targetFile.outputStream().use { fileOut ->
-                            input?.copyTo(fileOut)
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (restoreConfiguration(targetFile)) {
-                        toastSuccess(R.string.toast_success)
-                    } else {
-                        toastError(R.string.toast_failure)
-                    }
-                } catch (e: Exception) {
-                    Log.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Error during file restore", e)
-                    toastError(R.string.toast_failure)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    private fun checkForUpdates(includePreRelease: Boolean) {
-        lifecycleScope.launch {
-            val result = UpdateCheckerManager.checkForUpdate(includePreRelease)
-            if (result.hasUpdate) {
-                showUpdateDialog(result)
-            } else {
-                toast(R.string.update_already_latest_version)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    private fun showUpdateDialog(result: CheckUpdateResult) {
-        AlertDialog.Builder(this)
-            .setTitle(getString(R.string.update_new_version_found, result.latestVersion))
-            .setMessage(result.releaseNotes)
-            .setPositiveButton(R.string.update_now) { _, _ ->
-                result.downloadUrl?.let {
-                    Utils.openUri(this, it)
-                }
-            }
-            .setNegativeButton(android.R.string.cancel, null)
-            .show()
    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.ui
+
+import android.annotation.SuppressLint
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.os.Bundle
+import android.view.Menu
+import android.view.MenuItem
+import androidx.appcompat.widget.SearchView
+import androidx.lifecycle.lifecycleScope
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.databinding.ActivityAppPickerBinding
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.AppInfo
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.AppManagerUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.PackageUidResolver
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
+import java.text.Collator
+
+class AppPickerActivity : BaseActivity() {
+    companion object {
+        private const val EXTRA_SELECTED_PACKAGES = "selected_packages"
+        private const val EXTRA_PICKER_TITLE = "picker_title"
+
+        fun createIntent(
+            context: Context,
+            selectedPackages: Collection<String> = emptyList(),
+            title: String? = null
+        ): Intent = Intent(context, AppPickerActivity::class.java).apply {
+            putStringArrayListExtra(EXTRA_SELECTED_PACKAGES, ArrayList(selectedPackages))
+            title?.let { putExtra(EXTRA_PICKER_TITLE, it) }
+        }
+
+        fun getSelectedPackages(intent: Intent?): List<String> {
+            return intent?.getStringArrayListExtra(EXTRA_SELECTED_PACKAGES).orEmpty()
+        }
+    }
+
+    private val binding by lazy { ActivityAppPickerBinding.inflate(layoutInflater) }
+    private val initialSelectedPackages by lazy {
+        intent.getStringArrayListExtra(EXTRA_SELECTED_PACKAGES).orEmpty()
+    }
+    private val selectedPackages = LinkedHashSet<String>()
+    private var appsAll: List<AppInfo> = emptyList()
+    private val adapter = AppSelectorAdapter(selectedPackages)
+
+    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
+        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
+        setContentViewWithToolbar(binding.root, showHomeAsUp = true, title = resolveScreenTitle())
+
+        selectedPackages.addAll(initialSelectedPackages)
+        setupRecyclerView()
+        loadApps()
+    }
+
+    override fun onCreateOptionsMenu(menu: Menu): Boolean {
+        menuInflater.inflate(R.menu.menu_app_picker, menu)
+
+        val searchItem = menu.findItem(R.id.search_view)
+        if (searchItem != null) {
+            val searchView = searchItem.actionView as SearchView
+            searchView.setOnQueryTextListener(object : SearchView.OnQueryTextListener {
+                override fun onQueryTextSubmit(query: String?): Boolean = false
+
+                override fun onQueryTextChange(newText: String?): Boolean {
+                    filterApps(newText.orEmpty())
+                    return false
+                }
+            })
+        }
+
+        return true
+    }
+
+    override fun onOptionsItemSelected(item: MenuItem) = when (item.itemId) {
+        R.id.select_all -> {
+            selectAllVisible()
+            true
+        }
+
+        R.id.invert_selection -> {
+            invertVisibleSelection()
+            true
+        }
+
+        else -> super.onOptionsItemSelected(item)
+    }
+
+    override fun finish() {
+        setResult(
+            RESULT_OK,
+            Intent().apply {
+                putStringArrayListExtra(EXTRA_SELECTED_PACKAGES, getSelectedPackages())
+            }
+        )
+        super.finish()
+    }
+
+    private fun setupRecyclerView() {
+        binding.recyclerView.adapter = adapter
+        addCustomDividerToRecyclerView(binding.recyclerView, this, R.drawable.custom_divider)
+    }
+
+    @SuppressLint("UseCompatLoadingForDrawables")
+    private fun createSpecialItemUnidentified(): AppInfo {
+        val icon = requireNotNull(
+            getDrawable(android.R.drawable.ic_menu_help)
+                ?: getDrawable(android.R.drawable.sym_def_app_icon)
+        ) { "No fallback drawable available" }
+        return AppInfo(
+            appName = getString(R.string.app_picker_unknown_app),
+            packageName = AppConfig.UNIDENTIFIED_PACKAGE,
+            appIcon = icon,
+            isSystemApp = false,
+            isSelected = 0
+        )
+    }
+
+    private fun loadApps() {
+        showLoading()
+
+        lifecycleScope.launch {
+            try {
+                val apps = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
+                    val appsList = AppManagerUtil.loadNetworkAppList(this@AppPickerActivity)
+                    val sortedApps = sortApps(appsList)
+                    listOf(createSpecialItemUnidentified()) + sortedApps
+                }
+
+                appsAll = apps
+                updateDisplayedApps(apps)
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                LogUtil.e("AppPickerActivity", "Failed to load app list", e)
+            } finally {
+                hideLoading()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun filterApps(content: String) {
+        val key = content.uppercase()
+        val filteredApps = appsAll.filter { app ->
+            key.isEmpty() || matchesSearch(app, key)
+        }
+        updateDisplayedApps(filteredApps)
+    }
+
+    private fun sortApps(apps: List<AppInfo>): List<AppInfo> {
+        val collator = Collator.getInstance()
+        return apps.sortedWith { p1, p2 ->
+            val p1Selected = selectedPackages.contains(p1.packageName)
+            val p2Selected = selectedPackages.contains(p2.packageName)
+            when {
+                p1Selected && !p2Selected -> -1
+                !p1Selected && p2Selected -> 1
+                p1.isSystemApp && !p2.isSystemApp -> 1
+                !p1.isSystemApp && p2.isSystemApp -> -1
+                else -> collator.compare(p1.appName, p2.appName)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun matchesSearch(app: AppInfo, keyword: String): Boolean {
+        return app.appName.uppercase().contains(keyword) || app.packageName.uppercase().contains(keyword)
+    }
+
+    private fun updateDisplayedApps(apps: List<AppInfo>) {
+        adapter.submitList(apps)
+    }
+
+    private fun selectAllVisible() {
+        adapter.apps.forEach { app -> selectedPackages.add(app.packageName) }
+        adapter.refreshSelection()
+    }
+
+    private fun invertVisibleSelection() {
+        adapter.apps.forEach { app ->
+            if (selectedPackages.contains(app.packageName)) {
+                selectedPackages.remove(app.packageName)
+            } else {
+                selectedPackages.add(app.packageName)
+            }
+        }
+        adapter.refreshSelection()
+    }
+
+    private fun getSelectedPackages(): ArrayList<String> {
+        return ArrayList(selectedPackages.sorted())
+    }
+
+    private fun resolveScreenTitle(): String {
+        return intent.getStringExtra(EXTRA_PICKER_TITLE) ?: getString(R.string.per_app_proxy_settings)
+    }
+}
+
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More